{"id":22462,"date":"2026-03-24T09:06:16","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T01:06:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=22462"},"modified":"2026-03-24T09:06:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T01:06:18","slug":"creepage-distance-vs-clearance-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/creepage-distance-vs-clearance-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Kho\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch D\u00f2ng R\u00f2: H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn To\u00e0n Di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0110o L\u01b0\u1eddng, Ti\u00eau Chu\u1ea9n &amp; Y\u00eau C\u1ea7u An To\u00e0n"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"product-intro\">\n<p>Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, <strong>kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (creepage distance)<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o <strong>d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khe h\u1edf (clearance)\u2014l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u2014kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111i qua kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edf. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb IEC 60664-1 \u0111\u1ebfn IEC 62368-1, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 <strong>c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 khe h\u1edf<\/strong> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec, n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khe h\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eafn\u2014kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n<li>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o <strong>\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (CTI) v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5, b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, nguy c\u01a1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt, h\u1ecfng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kho\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch B\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t so v\u1edbi Khe H\u1edf: Hi\u1ec3u R\u00f5 S\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-diagram-showing-the-difference-between-clearance-and-creepage-distance-on-an-electrical-insulator.webp\" alt=\"Technical diagram showing the difference between clearance and creepage distance on an electrical insulator\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa khe h\u1edf (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t) tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 khe h\u1edf l\u00e0 hai th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Tham s\u1ed1<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u00f4i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng D\u1eabn<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eafn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng<\/strong> v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. N\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf khi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. R\u1ee7i ro m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u2014m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 quang \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong> gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp h\u01a1i \u1ea9m, b\u1ee5i, c\u1eb7n mu\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ebft carbon h\u00f3a\u2014m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <strong>ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong>. Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, <strong>kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng khe h\u1edf<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xung quanh, tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1eb3ng\u2014v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi khe h\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u1ea1i Sao Kho\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch B\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t L\u1ea1i Quan Tr\u1ecdng Trong C\u00e1c \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Th\u1ef1c T\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, b\u1ee5i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, h\u01a1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u01a1 Ch\u1ebf H\u1ecfng H\u00f3c Do Ph\u00f3ng \u0110i\u1ec7n B\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n<p>Khi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb <strong>ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/strong>\u2014s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Illustration-showing-the-six-stage-tracking-failure-process-on-an-insulating-surface.webp\" alt=\"Illustration showing the six stage tracking failure process on an insulating surface\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c do ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u00e1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li>C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (\u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, b\u1ee5i, c\u1eb7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) b\u00e1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y qua.<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho h\u01a1i \u1ea9m bay h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i kh\u00f4.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i kh\u00f4 n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf (scintillations).<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i carbon h\u00f3a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u1ea3y ra h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2014c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra h\u1ed3 quang, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng M\u00e0 Kho\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch B\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t L\u00e0 R\u1ea5t Quan Tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cao ho\u1eb7c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf<\/strong> n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 thanh c\u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p<\/strong> n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch ly s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/strong> n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, b\u1ee5i ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ven bi\u1ec3n, khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fac<\/strong> ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/busbar-insulator\/\">thanh c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a>, v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xem s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c, t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, sau khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2014nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a VIOX v\u1ec1 <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/electrical-panel-mistakes-before-energization\/\">nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham s\u1ed1, m\u1ed7i tham s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (tracking) trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 <strong>\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/strong>\u2014\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb RMS ho\u1eb7c DC c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p duy tr\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i (li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>Theo tham kh\u1ea3o chung, B\u1ea3ng 28 c\u1ee7a IEC 62368-1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 0,6 mm \u1edf 50 V RMS \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 10 mm \u1edf 600 V RMS \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 2, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 3.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/strong> cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ed5 sung<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao l\u01b0u trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngay c\u1ea3 sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e9p<\/strong> k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hai r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e9p. V\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n duy nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec hai l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u00ean bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa m\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p trong ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 theo d\u00f5i so s\u00e1nh (CTI)<\/h3>\n<p>B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng <strong>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 theo d\u00f5i so s\u00e1nh (CTI)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (theo IEC 60112) \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u0111a, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4n, m\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50 gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch amoni clorua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. CTI c\u00e0ng cao cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTI, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ph\u1ea1m vi CTI (V\u00f4n)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Nh\u00f3m I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">600 \u2264 CTI<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Nh\u00f3m II<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">400 \u2264 CTI &lt; 600<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">T\u1ed1t<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Nh\u00f3m IIIa<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">175 \u2264 CTI &lt; 400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e0i h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Nh\u00f3m IIIb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">100 \u2264 CTI &lt; 175<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ngh\u00e8o<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Comparison-chart-showing-how-different-CTI-material-groups-affect-minimum-creepage-distance-requirements.webp\" alt=\"Comparison chart showing how different CTI material groups affect minimum creepage distance requirements\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 so s\u00e1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u CTI kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u1ede c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m IIIb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m I. Khi nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft\u2014\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u2014thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t (Nh\u00f3m IIIb), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 CTI cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n<h3>4. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi m\u00f4 xung quanh l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2014kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u0110i\u1ec3n H\u00ecnh D\u1ee5ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">V\u1ecf k\u00edn, c\u1ee5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u00edn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi do ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0, b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea1ch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">X\u1ea3y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n do ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">T\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c do b\u1ee5i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 trong nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho <strong>m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m 2<\/strong>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho <strong>m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m 3<\/strong>, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa PD2 v\u00e0 PD3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00ean 50% tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai PD2 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PD3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n<h3>5. C\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p<\/h3>\n<p>C\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p (OVC) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ea7n l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t lan truy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00eda sau m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u1ee5c<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC II<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC III<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">V\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC IV<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Cao nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>C\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>clearance<\/strong> c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao, th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn g\u00e2y \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cho khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 IEC 62368-1 v\u00e0 IEC 60664-1, c\u1ea5p qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ch\u1ecbu xung y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u0110\u1ed9 cao<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 v\u00e0 khe h\u1edf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 <strong>2.000 m\u00e9t<\/strong> so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n (trong IEC 62368-1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan). \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>clearance<\/strong> c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u\u2014gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khe h\u1edf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c tham chi\u1ebfu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u1edf 3.000 m\u00e9t, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c A c\u1ee7a IEC 60664-1 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1,14, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khe h\u1edf ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 14%.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho khe h\u1edf (c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Trong m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 khe h\u1edf v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho khe h\u1edf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, B\u1ee5i v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5<\/h3>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u00e2y \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ven bi\u1ec3n<\/strong> n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong> c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea7u, b\u1ee5i kim lo\u1ea1i, b\u1ee5i than ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/strong> m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ecbu chu k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/strong> do ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed xung quanh<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao<\/strong>, n\u01a1i c\u1ea3 khe h\u1edf v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u00ean PCB), mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: <strong>\u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-diagram-demonstrating-proper-creepage-distance-measurement-technique-with-calipers.webp\" alt=\"Technical diagram demonstrating proper creepage distance measurement technique with calipers\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>Tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00e1ch theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n thanh c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eb7p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2. C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn (v\u1ecf, t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng l\u1eafp)<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p qua h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ly<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e2y d\u1eabn pha \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2y trung t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2y d\u1eabn pha \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/li>\n<li>Thanh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn thanh c\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c thanh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 tu\u00e2n theo <strong>b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/strong> c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n, r\u00e3nh, g\u00e2n, khe v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u2014\u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 khe h\u1edf. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng r\u00f2, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m xung quanh c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c k\u00eanh \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00e2n, khe ho\u1eb7c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2. Khi \u0111o, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: theo IEC 62368-1 v\u00e0 IEC 60664-1, m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 1 mm tr\u1edf l\u00ean, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2. C\u00e1c r\u00e3nh h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1eafc c\u1ea7u\u201d trong ph\u00e9p \u0111o\u2014ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh r\u00e3nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1eafc qua c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf h\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c g\u00e2n trang tr\u00ed h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c g\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n<p>T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\/s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eb7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ec1m<\/strong> cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cong n\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n CAD<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang 2D<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o quang h\u1ecdc<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li><strong>Khu\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u00e1 ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\u2014ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fac ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thanh c\u00e1i\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eefu \u00edch khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c minh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: T\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n<p>Ph\u00e9p \u0111o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 <strong>t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc 3D ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u1ea3 thi d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau, xung quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n xung quanh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf m\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: X\u00e1c minh theo Dung sai S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf danh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Dung sai s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bavia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n khu\u00f4n, v\u1ebft l\u00f5m, cong v\u00eanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u) l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 7: So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho ranh gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<li>Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ed5 sung, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng)<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n<li>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 6 mm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o T\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n<p>Xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c 400 V AC, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m 2. T\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fac, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thanh c\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m l\u1eafp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thanh c\u00e1i li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 \u1edf c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 12 mm \u2014 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thanh c\u00e1i gi\u1eefa c\u00f9ng hai pha ch\u1ec9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 mm.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ebbo Nh\u00f3m IIIa (CTI t\u1eeb 175 \u0111\u1ebfn 400), kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng 400 V theo PD2 theo IEC 62368-1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 8,0 mm tr\u1edf l\u00ean, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1eadn bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m 3 \u2014 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i n\u01a1i h\u01a1i \u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PD3, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t 8 mm kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y minh h\u1ecda hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/strong> Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho PD2 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PD3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n, logic \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fac, v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc. Khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/busbar-insulator\/\">thanh c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a> cho c\u00e1c t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c CTI v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a VIOX v\u1ec1 <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/top-5-mistakes-to-avoid-when-installing-mcb-busbars\/\">5 sai l\u1ea7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thanh c\u00e1i MCB<\/a> bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c L\u1ed7i Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m Tra Ph\u1ed5 Bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n<h3>Coi Kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf v\u00e0 R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 l\u00e0 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i Cho nhau<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf l\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed; r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t trong hai s\u1ebd b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Th\u1ea5p M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m 2 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi m\u00f4 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf xung quanh l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n PD2. C\u00e1c t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PD3. Ch\u1ecdn sai m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h3>Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Nh\u1ef1a C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ec1u T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u1ecf polyamide (PA66), m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n polycarbonate (PC) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n PBT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTI c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u00f4n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m IIIb \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho Nh\u00f3m I c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Lu\u00f4n x\u00e1c minh nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o C\u00e1c G\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c T\u00ednh n\u0103ng H\u1eb9p Kh\u00f4ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 khe ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9. M\u1ed9t g\u00e2n \u0111\u00fac ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng 0,5 mm c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 th\u00eam 3 mm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a IEC 60664-1, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h3>Qu\u00ean Hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed9 cao cho Kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ebfp t\u1ea7ng. N\u1ebfu kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u2014 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u2014 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110o Sai \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng D\u1eabn<\/h3>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o. Trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc 3D ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd quanh m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c, xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Lu\u00f4n xem x\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ecf l\u1ee1 C\u00e1c V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Trong Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh L\u1eafp r\u00e1p T\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u2014 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m do g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch R\u00f2 r\u1ec9<\/h2>\n<p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch chung duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IEC 60664-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf.<\/em> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62368-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin\/video, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng - Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u an to\u00e0n.<\/em> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb CNTT, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60947-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf - C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chung.<\/em> T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1, b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 61010-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/em> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng IEC 60815<\/strong> \u2013 <em>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n cao th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/em> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi cao th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60112<\/strong> \u2013 <em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 theo d\u00f5i so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eafn.<\/em> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed CTI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho danh m\u1ee5c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch K\u00e9o d\u00e0i Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 trong C\u00e1c Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf B\u1ecb H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng gian<\/h2>\n<p>Khi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Th\u00eam c\u00e1c g\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fac<\/strong> v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t g\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch (\u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng) bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng b\u00ean kia, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u00eam g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i chi\u1ec1u cao g\u00e2n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/busbar-insulator\/\">thanh c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u00e2n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 CTI cao h\u01a1n.<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m IIIa sang v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m I c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5 keo<\/strong> l\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (t\u1eeb PD2 ho\u1eb7c PD3 th\u00e0nh PD1 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf trong h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf \u0111\u00fac\u2014th\u00eam m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u1edd l\u1eafp ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n khu\u00f4n\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0i milimet \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00edn ho\u1eb7c k\u00e8m theo<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u2014th\u00f4ng qua v\u1ecf c\u00f3 gio\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed5 keo ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u2014m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, cho ph\u00e9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eafn. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khe h\u1edf, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (CTI), m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Sai s\u00f3t \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trung th\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<h3>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd \u0111i theo trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 an to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h3>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (creepage distance) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (clearance) kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>Khe h\u1edf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t xuy\u00ean qua <strong>kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/strong> gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n\u2014n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo <strong>b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u2014n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u1ea1i sao kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 (creepage distance) l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/h3>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c do ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, b\u1ee5i, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 l\u00e0m than h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ea1n \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, theo m\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n, r\u00e3nh, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o xuy\u00ean qua kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf). T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3nh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2.<\/p>\n<h3>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n<p>Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xung quanh v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i th\u1eb3ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00f9ng hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 (creepage distance) \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng h\u1edf (clearance), v\u00e0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u?<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ed5 sung, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng), nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean CTI), m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h3>CTI l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t r\u00f2?<\/h3>\n<p>CTI l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a <strong>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 theo d\u00f5i so s\u00e1nh<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60112. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb CTI c\u00e0ng cao cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m (I, II, IIIa, IIIb) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean CTI v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m I (CTI \u2265 600 V) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nh\u00f3m IIIb (CTI 100\u2013175 V) \u1edf c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 cao ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>clearance<\/strong> v\u00ec m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khe h\u1edf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 cao, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h3>Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (creepage distance)?<\/h3>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. IEC 60664-1 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf. IEC 62368-1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb CNTT, \u00e2m thanh\/h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ngu\u1ed3n. IEC 60947-1 bao g\u1ed3m thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft h\u1ea1 th\u1ebf. IEC 61010-1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. IEC 60815 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00f2 trong m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn?<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 CTI cao h\u01a1n (chuy\u1ec3n sang nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n), th\u00eam c\u00e1c g\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In electrical insulation design, creepage distance is the shortest path between two conductive parts measured along the surface of an insulating material. Unlike clearance\u2014which is the shortest distance through air\u2014creepage accounts for the fact that current leakage and surface tracking do not always travel through open space. In humid, dusty, or polluted conditions, the surface [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22462","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22462"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22463,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462\/revisions\/22463"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22462"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}