{"id":22462,"date":"2026-03-24T09:06:16","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T01:06:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=22462"},"modified":"2026-03-24T09:06:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T01:06:18","slug":"creepage-distance-vs-clearance-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/creepage-distance-vs-clearance-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Creepage Distance: Complete Guide to Measurement, Standards &amp; Safety Requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"product-intro\">\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101b\u1036\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a, <strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong> \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a<\/strong>. \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 (clearance) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1030\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1019\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1011\u1030\u1011\u1030 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u104f\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 (air clearance) \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a IEC 60664-1 \u1019\u103e IEC 62368-1 \u1021\u1011\u102d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong> \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1030 \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 parameters \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1024\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1018\u101a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1018\u101a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong> \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1032\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102e \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u104a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f (CTI) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u104a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1037\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038- \u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-diagram-showing-the-difference-between-clearance-and-creepage-distance-on-an-electrical-insulator.webp\" alt=\"Technical diagram showing the difference between clearance and creepage distance on an electrical insulator\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 (\u101c\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 (\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038) \u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1015\u102f\u1036\u104b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101b\u1036\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f parameters \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1007\u102c\u1010\u102d<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1015\u1039\u1015\u102b\u101a\u103a<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u1031<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1019\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1032\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1000\u102c\u101b\u1036\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u104f\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a - \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101b\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1010\u101b\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1030\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1006\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102f\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1024\u1021\u100f\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1030\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u102c\u1017\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a - \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>. \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a, <strong>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong>. \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u104f \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101c\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1002\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1018\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h2>\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1005\u104d \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1021\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103b\u104a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u102f\u1021\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u104f\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>- \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104b \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Illustration-showing-the-six-stage-tracking-failure-process-on-an-insulating-surface.webp\" alt=\"Illustration showing the six stage tracking failure process on an insulating surface\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>\u1000\u1014\u1026\u1038\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1011\u102d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ol>\n<li>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1000\u103c\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1014\u103a) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u103b\u1014\u1031\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1012\u1031\u101e\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u102e\u1019\u100a\u102c \u1021\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103b\u1036\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u1024\u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (scintillations) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1017\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li>\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a - \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u102e\u1038\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u1024\u101a\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1019\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1013\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1002\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1015\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1002\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a \u1001\u101c\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1002\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1002\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1018\u1010\u103a\u1005\u103a\u1018\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1015\u102b\u101d\u102b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1021\u1011\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1002\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1018\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/busbar-insulator\/\">busbar insulators \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/a>, \u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u102d\u1010\u1039\u1010\u1007\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1013\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u101e\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1016\u103d\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a - VIOX \u104f \u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/electrical-panel-mistakes-before-energization\/\">\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102e 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\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u104f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101a\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u1004\u103a\u101f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a 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\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1010\u1036\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104f RMS \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a DC \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1011\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038 (\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a) \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u100a\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a IEC 62368-1 \u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038 \u1042\u1048 \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1042 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a 50 V RMS \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031 0.6 mm \u1019\u103e 600 V RMS \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a 10 mm \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1043 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u104f \u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b IEC \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Basic insulation<\/strong> \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Supplementary insulation<\/strong> \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1004\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c<\/strong> \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u2014\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c<\/strong> \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1024\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u102b\u101d\u102b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a\u1006\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1006 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038 (CTI)<\/h3>\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1019\u103e \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u101c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1010\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1011\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101f\u102d <strong>\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038 (CTI)<\/strong> \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f (IEC 60112 \u1021\u101b) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1018\u1032 \u1021\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u101a\u1019\u103a\u1000\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a 50 \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c CTI \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>CTI \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">CTI \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 (\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">600 \u2264 CTI<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f II<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">400 \u2264 CTI &lt; 600<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f IIIa<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">175 \u2264 CTI &lt; 400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f IIIb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">100 \u2264 CTI &lt; 175<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Comparison-chart-showing-how-different-CTI-material-groups-affect-minimum-creepage-distance-requirements.webp\" alt=\"Comparison chart showing how different CTI material groups affect minimum creepage distance requirements\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>\u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c CTI \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u104b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f IIIb \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f I \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u101e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u2014\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1036\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1005\u101b\u102c\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u2014\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a (\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f IIIb) \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c CTI \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1005\u103a\u101c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u102b\u101d\u102b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1002\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e<\/h3>\n<p>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u104f \u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u1031\u1011\u102f\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1018\u103d\u1032\u1037<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103d\u103e\u102c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1015\u102b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1010\u1036\u1006\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1031\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u1036\u1016\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1036\u1001\u102b \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u104a \u101e\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1005\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>PD4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1005\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101b\u102c\u101e\u102e\u1025\u1010\u102f\u1012\u100f\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1018\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1037\u1015\u102b\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a <strong>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1042<\/strong>, \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u102f\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a <strong>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1043<\/strong>, \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>PD2 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a PD3 \u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f 50% \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u104d \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b PD3 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a PD2 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1031\u102c\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1036\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1036\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 (OVC) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1011\u102d\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1006\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC II<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u101d\u102b\u101a\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Low to moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC III<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1018\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u101c\u101a\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>OVC IV<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1021\u1005\u104a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Overvoltage \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>clearance<\/strong> \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (transients \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u101f\u102c\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u104a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a)\u104a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1019\u101f\u102c\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b IEC 62368-1 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a IEC 60664-1 \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c impulse withstand voltage \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a supply voltage \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1030 overvoltage \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 clearance \u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a<\/h3>\n<p>IEC \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u1036 creepage \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a clearance \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u1015\u1004\u103a\u101c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c \u1042,\u1040\u1040\u1040<\/strong> (IEC 62368-1 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a)\u104b \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u102f\u101e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006 \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u101f\u102c\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f dielectric \u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>clearance<\/strong> \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u2014\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103c\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c \u1043,\u1040\u1040\u1040 \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a IEC 60664-1 Annex A \u1021\u101b \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a 1.14 \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a 14% \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 (\u101c\u1031\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a creepage \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a creepage \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a creepage \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u104a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1037 \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1036\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d \u1019\u1016\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101a\u1030\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1010\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u102c\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coastal environments<\/strong> \u101c\u1031\u1011\u102f\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1026<\/strong> \u1006\u102e\u1019\u103c\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102f\u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1000\u102c\u1017\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u102f\u1021\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1030<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong> \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1002\u1032\u1014\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a \u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u1000\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>, \u104a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a creepage \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1000\u103a \u1016\u102d\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1024\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102f\u101e\u1019\u103e\u102f (PCBs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a conformal coating \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>Creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h2>\n<p>\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1019\u1030\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong>. \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-diagram-demonstrating-proper-creepage-distance-measurement-technique-with-calipers.webp\" alt=\"Technical diagram demonstrating proper creepage distance measurement technique with calipers\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\"><figcaption><em>\u1012\u1005\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1005\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a calipers \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c busbar insulator \u104f \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u102e\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1000\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u104f \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101e\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1041- \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b<\/h3>\n<p>creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c 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<strong>\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104f \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1011\u100a\u103a\u104f \u1021\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1005\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c 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\u101a\u1030\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1024\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b creepage \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1005\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1005\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1044- \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b<\/h3>\n<p>\u1002\u103b\u102e\u101e\u103c\u1019\u1031\u1010\u103c\u102e\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\/\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u104f \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Calipers \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a feeler gauges<\/strong> \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1014\u1019\u1030\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1015\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1001\u103b\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a<\/strong> \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103d\u1031\u1038\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>CAD contour \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> 3D \u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1012\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a 2D cross-sections \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>Optical \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1010\u101c\u1032\u101c\u1032 \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1002\u103b\u102e\u101e\u103c\u1019\u1031\u1010\u103c\u102e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u2014\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a busbar \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1015\u1036\u1037 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u2014\u1015\u1011\u1019\u1026\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c 3D \u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1012\u101a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1019\u1030\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1045- \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103e\u102c\u1015\u102b<\/h3>\n<p>\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a <strong>\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c 3D \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1011\u100a\u103a\u104f \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1024\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1024\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1000 \u1019\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1046- \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/h3>\n<p>\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a 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\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1047- \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u1036\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a 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\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1048 \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a Group IIIa thermoplastic (CTI \u1041\u1047\u1045 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1044\u1040\u1040 \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038) \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000\u104a IEC 62368-1 \u1021\u101b PD2 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d 400 V \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1001\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1048.\u1040 \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101a\u1001\u102f \u1024 panel \u1021\u1010\u1030\u1010\u1030\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1043 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u2014\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1021\u1014\u102e\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b PD3 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1048 \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1024\u1025\u1015\u1019\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1019\u1030\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a-<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102c\u1019\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/strong> \u101c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/strong> PD2 \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c panel \u101e\u100a\u103a PD3 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>panel \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1024\u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101a\u102f\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a terminal \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/busbar-insulator\/\">busbar insulators \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/a> \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 panel \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 CTI \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u104d \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b VIOX \u104f \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/top-5-mistakes-to-avoid-when-installing-mcb-busbars\/\">MCB \u1018\u1010\u103a\u1005\u103a\u1018\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038 \u1045 \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/a> panel \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n<h3>\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1024\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u1032\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c parameters \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102c \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e \u1042 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1030\u101c\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a PD2 \u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u1031\u104a \u101b\u1031\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1014\u102e\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f panel \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a PD3 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103b \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u101c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u101f\u102f \u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>polyamide (PA66) \u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u102c\u104a polycarbonate (PC) \u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a PBT \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1032\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1030\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f CTI \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b Group I \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a Group IIIb \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102e \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1019\u101b\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u102e\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101b\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1040.\u1045 \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1043 \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 IEC 60664-1 \u104f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1018\u102c\u1019\u103e \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1031\u1037\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1030\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1000 \u101c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c 3D \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>Panel \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/h3>\n<p>\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f datasheet \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101d\u102b\u101a\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102f\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101f\u102c\u1037\u1012\u103a\u101d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1000\u103a panel \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102e\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c panel \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n<p>\u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103c\u101d\u1020\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u104b \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IEC 60664-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104b.<\/em> \u1024\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62368-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u1021\u101e\u1036\/\u1017\u102e\u1012\u102e\u101a\u102d\u102f\u104a \u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u2013 \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b.<\/em> \u1015\u102b\u101d\u102b\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1036\u1037\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a IT \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1012\u102e\u1002\u101b\u102e\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60947-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c switchgear \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a controlgear \u2013 \u1021\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b.<\/em> \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f switchgear\u104a contactors\u104a circuit breakers \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u101b\u100a\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 61010-1<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b.<\/em> \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60815 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u101b\u102e\u1038<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b.<\/em> \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1024\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101a\u1030\u1021\u1006\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60112<\/strong> \u2013 <em>\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1032 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u104b.<\/em> \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a CTI \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u1006\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1019\u103e\u102d\u1010\u103a\u104d \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1032\u1037\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h2>\n<p>\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1006\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104b \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038 (\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1016\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1018\u1032 \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1005\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104f \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1021\u101e\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/busbar-insulator\/\">busbar insulators \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/a> \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1005\u103a\u101c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c panel \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c rib \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CTI \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b.<\/strong> Group IIIa \u1019\u103e Group I \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103d\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>conformal coating \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a potting \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104b coating \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b (\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u1005\u1039\u1005\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a PD2 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a PD3 \u1019\u103e PD1 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037)\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1002\u103b\u102e\u101e\u103c\u1019\u1031\u1010\u103c\u102e\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u103d\u1032\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong> creepage \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1036\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101b\u102c\u104f \u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u2014\u1001\u103b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a mounting boss \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a parting line \u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u2014\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1018\u1032 \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1019\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1036\u1006\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1015\u1030\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1015\u102b \u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u2014gasketed enclosures\u104a potting \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a conformal coating \u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u2014\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1014\u102d\u1002\u102f\u1036\u1038<\/h2>\n<p>Creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1001\u1032 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u104f \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a clearance \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1036\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102e \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f (CTI)\u104a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a overvoltage \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1000\u101a\u1037\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101c\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1032\u1019\u103e \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1010\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<p>\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a panel \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u104a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u104a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u100a\u102e \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1002\u103b\u102e\u101e\u103c\u1019\u1031\u1010\u103c\u102e\u1021\u101e\u1031\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101e\u102c \u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u104f \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1019\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1019\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n<h3>What is creepage distance?<\/h3>\n<p>Creepage distance is the shortest distance between two conductive parts measured along the surface of an insulating material. It represents the path that surface leakage current would follow under contaminated conditions, and it is a fundamental parameter in electrical insulation design and safety evaluation.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between creepage distance and clearance?<\/h3>\n<p>Clearance \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u1012\u102b\u1000 \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1014\u1032\u1037 \u1025\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1015\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u104b \u101b\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1016\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1004\u103a<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u2014\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 flashover \u1019\u103e\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b Creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a<\/strong> \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u2014\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102e \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>Creepage distance \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1018\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h3>\n<p>Creepage distance prevents surface leakage and tracking failure, especially in environments with humidity, dust, condensation, or conductive contamination. When the insulating surface between conductive parts becomes contaminated, it can support leakage currents that progressively carbonize the material, eventually creating a permanent conductive path and causing insulation failure.<\/p>\n<h3>How do you measure creepage distance?<\/h3>\n<p>Measure the shortest path along the insulating surface between two conductive parts, following every contour, groove, rib, and barrier of the insulating body. Do not measure through air (that would be clearance). Account for the dimensional rules in the applicable standard regarding minimum groove widths and barrier heights that qualify as part of the creepage path.<\/p>\n<h3>Is creepage distance always larger than clearance?<\/h3>\n<p>In most practical designs, yes. The surface path around and along an insulating body is typically longer than the straight-line air path between the same two points. Standards generally require creepage distance to be at least equal to clearance, and in contaminated environments, the creepage requirement is often substantially larger.<\/p>\n<h3>What factors determine minimum creepage distance?<\/h3>\n<p>The primary factors are working voltage, insulation type (basic, supplementary, reinforced, or functional), material group (based on CTI), pollution degree of the operating environment, and the applicable product standard. Secondary factors include overvoltage category, altitude, and specific environmental conditions such as humidity or chemical exposure.<\/p>\n<h3>What is CTI and why does it matter for creepage distance?<\/h3>\n<p>CTI \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>Comparative Tracking Index<\/strong>, IEC 60112 \u1021\u101b \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b CTI \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101c\u1031 \u1001\u103c\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f CTI \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (I, II, IIIa, IIIb) \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1024\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b Group I \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 (CTI \u2265 600 V) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u1005\u103a\u100a\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a Group IIIb \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 (CTI 100\u2013175 V) \u1011\u1000\u103a creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>Does altitude affect creepage distance?<\/h3>\n<p>\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b <strong>clearance<\/strong> \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1011\u102f\u101e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006 \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1031\u1000\u103d\u102c\u101f\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f dielectric \u1001\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1036 clearance \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1042,\u1040\u1040\u1040 \u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101a\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b creepage \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1007\u101a\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1036 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u102c \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u101e\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a creepage \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n<h3>Which standards define creepage distance requirements?<\/h3>\n<p>The applicable standard depends on the product category. IEC 60664-1 provides the foundational methodology for insulation coordination in low-voltage systems. IEC 62368-1 is widely used for IT, audio\/video, and power conversion equipment. IEC 60947-1 covers low-voltage switchgear. IEC 61010-1 applies to measurement, control, and laboratory equipment. IEC 60815 addresses insulation in polluted outdoor environments. The design should always start from the correct standard for the specific product type.<\/p>\n<h3>How can I reduce creepage distance requirements in a compact design?<\/h3>\n<p>The most effective approaches include selecting a higher-CTI insulating material (moving to a better material group), adding molded ribs or barriers to extend the surface path, applying conformal coating to reduce the effective pollution degree at the insulating surface, or using sealed construction to qualify for a lower pollution degree classification. Each approach must be validated against the specific requirements of the applicable standard.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In electrical insulation design, creepage distance is the shortest path between two conductive parts measured along the surface of an insulating material. Unlike clearance\u2014which is the shortest distance through air\u2014creepage accounts for the fact that current leakage and surface tracking do not always travel through open space. In humid, dusty, or polluted conditions, the surface [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22464,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22462","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22462"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22463,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22462\/revisions\/22463"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22464"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22462"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}