{"id":18404,"date":"2025-07-14T02:21:18","date_gmt":"2025-07-13T18:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=18404"},"modified":"2025-07-14T09:44:09","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T01:44:09","slug":"how-surge-protection-devices-divert-and-limit-transient-voltages-for-safety-and-reliability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/how-surge-protection-devices-divert-and-limit-transient-voltages-for-safety-and-reliability\/","title":{"rendered":"\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104b"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Surge Protection Devices (SPDs)<\/a> \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1024\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1014\u1031\u104a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1021\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1000\u103b\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\"VIOX<\/p>\n

Transient Overvoltages \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1001\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h2>\n

Transient overvoltages \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b 6,000 \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1011\u102d<\/strong> \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1032\u101e\u1030\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c \u1000\u103c\u102c\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u101a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u1030\u101c\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a- \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103a\u1015\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u104a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> inductive loads \u104f switching operations \u104a motor startups \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a circuit breaker \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1024\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1000 \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104f 65% \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104c \u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u101d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1031\u1006\u102c\u1015\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1019\u102e\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1032\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1000\u102c \u1021\u101b\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102e \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPDs \u104f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1019\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1036\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1014\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b non-linear \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c impedance \u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\"SPD<\/p>\n

\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c impedance \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031<\/strong>\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a gigaohm \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101e\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1021\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1009\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a SPD \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 SPD \u104f \u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>SPD \u101e\u100a\u103a a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b low-impedance \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031<\/strong>\u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1026\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u1021\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101f\u102d clamping \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1030\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c SPD \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1032 \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u102c\u1002\u100f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

\u1019\u1030\u101c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a SPD \u1021\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c<\/th>\n\u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102f\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c (MOV)<\/th>\n\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101b\u102d\u1015\u103c\u103d\u1014\u103a(GDT)<\/th>\n\u1017\u102e\u103c\u108f\u103d\u1004\u1037\u1039\u1017\u102e\u103c\u1012\u102e Diode<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u1010\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a<\/td>\n1-5 \u1014\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/td>\n0.1-1 \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/td>\n0.001-0.01 \u1014\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clamping Voltage<\/td>\n\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u1021\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 (~20V)<\/td>\n\u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a<\/td>\n\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c (1-40 kA)<\/td>\n\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c (10+ kA)<\/td>\n\u1021\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1021\u101c\u101a\u103a\u1021\u101c\u1010\u103a (A \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\nZnO \u1021\u1005\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\nGas ionization \u101e\u100a\u103a conductive \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u1006\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1015\u1036\u102f\u1019\u103d\u1014\u1039\u1021\u101e\u1036\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103a\u103b\u1001\u1004\u1039\u1038<\/td>\n\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1014\u1031\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\/\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038 SPD \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n\u1010\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a<\/td>\n\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1011\u102d\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u104a \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1010\u102c\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/td>\n\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102c\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102f\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a Varistor (MOV) \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c<\/h3>\n

Metal Oxide Varistors \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 SPDs 96% \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a<\/strong> \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f\u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103c\u1036\u1037\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a MOV \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b MOV \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1007\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a (ZnO) \u1021\u1005\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1006\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102d\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a (Bi\u2082O\u2083) \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101b\u1030\u1015\u1017\u1031\u1012\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036 MOV \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong> \u1007\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 varistor \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b (\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a 1mA DC \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a)\u104a \u1024\u1021\u1010\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1037\u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

MOV \u1015\u103c\u1015\u103d\u1032 bidirectional \u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>\u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1014\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u100a\u102e\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b 1-40 kA \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>\u104a \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

Gas Discharge Tube (GDT) \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c<\/h3>\n

Gas Discharge Tubes \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u101b\u1030\u1015\u1017\u1031\u1012<\/strong>. \u1024\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1015\u102d\u1010\u103a (\u1014\u102e\u101a\u103d\u1014\u103a \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1002\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037) \u1019\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101e\u102c\u1019\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f insulation \u1002\u102f\u100f\u103a\u101e\u1010\u1039\u1010\u102d\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u101c\u1012\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c impedance<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a sparkover \u1010\u1036\u1001\u102b\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1036<\/strong>\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u101b\u102c\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u103e\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1021\u1011\u102d \u104a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1019\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

ionization \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u101c\u102c\u1005\u1019\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a short-circuit \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 surge current flow \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a low-resistance path (\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a 20V arc voltage \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a) \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b 0.1 \u1019\u103e 1 \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/strong>GDTs \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) Diode \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c<\/h3>\n

TVS diodes \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1006\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a \u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong> \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u102d\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101b\u1030\u1015\u1017\u1031\u1012\u104b \u1024\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1016\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c Zener diodes \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u102e\u101c\u102e\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u101a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1036\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a-\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102c \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

TVS diodes \u1019\u103e\u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a<\/strong> SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1001\u102f\u104f\u104a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a 0.001 \u1019\u103e 0.01 \u1014\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/strong>\u1021\u1011\u102d\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1001\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1006\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u104a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1010\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c ampere \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

Voltage-Current Characteristics \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a Performance Metrics<\/h2>\n

\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038-\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d (VI) \u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\"Voltage-Current<\/p>\n

\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1021\u1019\u1030<\/h3>\n

SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f VI \u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u104d \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a- \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b MOVs \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a TVS diodes \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e impedance \u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1015\u103c\u101e\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1000\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

GDTs \u1019\u103e \u1014\u1019\u1030\u1014\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c impedance \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102e\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1000\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u103f\u1014\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1010\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

Clamping Voltage<\/strong> \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 SPD \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b 8\/20 microsecond \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u104f \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u102f\u101a\u1030\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1010\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a<\/strong> SPD \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u103e\u101c\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b Voltage-limiting components \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u1031\u1018\u1030\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1014\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038<\/strong>\u104a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a<\/strong> \u1021\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101d activate \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c\u104a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c SPD \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 nanosecond \u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u104a \u1001\u1032\u1021\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102f\u1036\u1037\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

Let-through Voltage<\/strong> \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a SPD \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1000\u103b \u1021\u1000\u1032\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1000\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b lead length \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a installation impedance<\/strong>. \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1001\u1032\u1021\u101c\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1036\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1019 \u1001\u1032\u1021\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPD \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a SPD \u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 cascaded \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong> \u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1030\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c SPDs \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c<\/h3>\n

\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1041 SPDs<\/strong> \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1012\u102e\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031 \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1019\u101a\u103a\u104b 10\/350 microsecond \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a 25 kA \u1011\u1000\u103a \u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102f\u1015\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1042 SPDs<\/strong> \u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102e\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101d\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a switching surges \u104b \u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b 8\/20 \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1001\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1005\u1000\u1039\u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>\u104a \u1024\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1043 SPDs<\/strong> \u1000\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong> \u1011\u102d\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a\u104a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038 \u1000\u101c\u1005\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1032 impedance \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f 10 \u1019\u102e\u1010\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

Cascaded SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u1014\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong>. \u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1000\u103b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c \u101b\u1031\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1032 \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101b \u101e\u102d\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u1030\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>. \u1021\u1011\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u1011\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u104a \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102e \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101f\u102d \u101d\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104f inductance<\/strong> SPD \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101e\u1018\u102c\u101d\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1024 inductance \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102c SPD \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101d\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1000\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u104a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u1031\u1018\u102f\u101a\u103b\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101b\u102f\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1019\u1000 \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1032\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1018\u1032 \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1005\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1000\u102c \u101e\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a \u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1036\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u104a \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

MOVs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b joule \u1021\u1015\u1030<\/strong> \u1007\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1005\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a\u104f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u102f\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f impedance \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101e\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1010\u101c\u1032\u101c\u1032 \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u102f\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1006\u102f\u1010\u103a\u101a\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong> MOV \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102d\u102f\u1005\u102d\u1019\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

GDT \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1019\u103e\u1010\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a ionization \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a de-ionization \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u101c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b arc discharge \u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102c \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1030\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u1000\u1039\u1001\u100f\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1000\u103c\u103d\u1031\u1011\u100a\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u103a GDTs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1032 \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1010\u101c\u1032\u101c\u1032 \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102c\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

SPD \u101c\u102f\u1036\u1001\u103c\u102f\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1019\u1030\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1040\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1031\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104f\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1021\u101a\u1030\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

Open-Circuit Failure \u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

Open-circuit \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1012\u100f\u103a\u1019\u103e \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1005\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1010\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b MOV-based SPD \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1019\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1001\u100f \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1015\u1030\u1016\u103c\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1021\u1015\u1030\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1032\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u102b\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1006\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u104d \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u102e\u1038\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

open-circuit \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1030 \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1010\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101c\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong>. \u1021\u1016\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u102c\u1038\u1000\u1005\u103a\u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1019\u1032\u1037\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1004\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102e SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c<\/strong> \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1001\u102b \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u1010\u102d\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a LED \u1021\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1021\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1039\u1002\u102b\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n

Short-Circuit Failure \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

\u101d\u102b\u101a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a \u1019\u102e\u1038\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1026\u1038\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u1014\u103a\u1010\u102e\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1004\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1015\u1030\u1015\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103a \u1001\u1036\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u1036\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u1005\u103a<\/strong> \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a IEC 61643-11 \u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1015\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a SPD \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1000\u103b \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c fuse \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a circuit breaker \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103e\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1005\u1036\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

\u1010\u1005\u103a\u101e\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a SPD \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103a\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c SPD \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103d\u103e\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b UL 1449<\/strong> (\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1019\u1031\u101b\u102d\u1000) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a IEC 61643<\/strong> (\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1000\u102c)\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

UL 1449 \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a (VPR)<\/strong> \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 (1.2\/50 \u03bcs \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u104a 8\/20 \u03bcs \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d) \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b \u1005\u1036\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b nominal discharge current (In) \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a 15 \u1010\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n

IEC 61643 \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> \u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a parameters \u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b impulse current (Iimp) \u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> Type 1 SPDs \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a 10\/350 \u03bcs \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u104d \u1021\u101c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u102f\u101a\u1030\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1005\u1036\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a (Up)<\/strong> \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c SPD \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h3>\n

\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1005\u1036\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c grounding<\/strong>, \u1001\u1032\u1021\u101b\u103e\u100a\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong>\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>. SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u101b\u100a\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> SPD \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u101b\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1019\u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1014\u1031-\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1036\u101a\u1031\u102c\u1007\u1009\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b SPD \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1013\u102d\u1000\u1021\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>. \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1005\u1036\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1036\u100a\u103d\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a SPD \u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1019\u101b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u102e\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1010\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u102e \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101b\u1014\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1007\u1030\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

SPD \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u102c \u1019\u103b\u103e\u1010\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1000\u1014\u1026\u1038 \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a-\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u1038\u1007\u1030\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u102c<\/h3>\n

\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1014\u103d\u103e\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1019\u1031\u101b\u102d\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1009\u103a $5-6 \u1018\u102e\u101c\u102e\u101a\u1036 \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1019\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1014\u1032\u1037\u1015\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1001\u103b\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1015\u1032\u104b SPD \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1024\u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u101e\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102c\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104a \u1000\u1014\u1026\u1038 \u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u101c\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038 \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u104f \u1021\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1014\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a<\/strong> \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101a\u103e\u1000\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101f\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1000\u103b\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1000\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/h3>\n

SPDs \u1000 \u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1010\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1011\u1015\u103a\u1001\u102b\u1010\u101c\u1032\u101c\u1032 \u101e\u1031\u1038\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1000\u1014\u1031 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1010\u1032\u1037 \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1006\u102e\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1010\u101a\u103a\u104b \u1010\u1005\u103a\u1026\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1000\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1005\u1031\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1005\u102f\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u102d\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1019\u103c\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u104f \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1005\u102f\u1036\u101e\u1031\u102c SPD \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1021\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103c\u102f\u1036\u1015\u102b\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1026\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u101e\u102f\u1010\u1031\u101e\u1014\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000 \u1016\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1015\u103c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1005\u1000\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038 \u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101a\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u101e\u102d\u101e\u102c\u101e\u102c \u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/strong> \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1015\u102b\u104b \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104f \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1005\u102f\u1005\u102f\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1037\u1001\u103b\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1021\u1014\u102c\u1002\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/h2>\n

SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u104f \u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102e\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1000\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1031\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u103c\u1014\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1016\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1032\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong>, \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a<\/strong>\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1019\u1010\u103a\u1002\u101b\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1000\u103a\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

DC \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f<\/strong> photovoltaic \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a DC \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b DC \u1021\u1015\u101c\u102e\u1000\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102f\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1011\u1030\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1001\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1016\u103c\u1031\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b arc \u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u102f\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104b<\/strong> AC \u101e\u102f\u100a-\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1018\u1032\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a DC \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u1006\u1000\u103a\u101e\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038<\/strong> \u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u103e\u102e\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a \u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102c\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101b\u1015\u102b\u1019\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1012\u1031\u1010\u102c\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c \u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1011\u100a\u1037\u103a\u101e\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1038\u1005\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1014\u102d\u1002\u102f\u1036\u1038<\/h2>\n

Surge Protection Devices \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102e\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f \u1001\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1006\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1013\u102c\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1021\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101a\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1014\u1005\u103a \u101b\u1030\u1015\u1017\u1031\u1012\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u102e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1012\u1010\u103a\u1010\u102c \u1015\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103b\u1015\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1006\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a SPD \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102e\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u103d\u102c \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c \u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPD \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104f \u1011\u102d\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1017\u103b\u1030\u101f\u102c\u1019\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1000\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1002\u101b\u102f\u1010\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101b\u103d\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1019\u1030\u1010\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1005\u102e\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1011\u1030\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1000\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u103c\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c \u100a\u103e\u102d\u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1015\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1011\u103d\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1011\u102d\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u103e\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a \u1021\u102e\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u101b\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1005\u103a \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u103e\u102e\u1001\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101a\u102f\u1036\u1000\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u101b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a SPDs \u104f \u1021\u1001\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u102c \u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1011\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102c\u1019\u100a\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103d\u1014\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1021\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1015\u101b\u102d\u102f\u1002\u101b\u1019\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u1010\u1030 SPD \u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u100a\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1006\u1000\u103a\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1019\u102e\u101c\u1030\u1037\u1021\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u1036\u1037\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1019\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u101e\u1031\u102c\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1021\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1026\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

SPD \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104f \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u1014\u1026\u1038\u101b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1036\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103b\u1005\u101b\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1011\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1005\u103d\u102c\u101e\u102c\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1031\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u102c\u101d\u1014\u103a\u101a\u1030\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1031\u102c \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1007\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104f \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1021\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1021\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b SPDs \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u101a\u102c\u101a\u102e\u1017\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c \u1000\u1014\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1010\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u102c\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u104a \u1021\u1004\u103a\u1002\u103b\u1004\u103a\u1014\u102e\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u1000\u103a\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1014\u1031\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1016\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u104a \u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1015\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1006\u1000\u103a\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1031\u1001\u103b\u102c\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1018\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1011\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u101e\u102d\u1009\u102c\u100f\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n

\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1005\u1015\u103a<\/h2>\n

Surge Protection Device (SPD) \u1006\u102d\u102f\u1010\u102c \u1018\u102c\u101c\u1032<\/a><\/p>\n

Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) \u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101c\u103b\u103e\u1015\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u100a\u103a\u1000\u1032\u1037\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1000\u103d\u102c\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a<\/a><\/p>\n

\u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u1032\u1037 \u1006\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102c\u1005\u103d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1004\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1019\u103e\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1010\u1032\u1037 SPD \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1018\u101a\u103a\u101c\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1001\u103b\u101a\u103a\u1019\u101c\u1032\u104b<\/a><\/p>\n

\u101b\u1031\u101c\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u102d\u101b\u102d\u101a\u102c\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038- \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102c\u1038\u1014\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) serve as critical guardians of electrical systems, providing essential protection against transient overvoltages that can cause devastating damage to sensitive equipment and compromise system safety. Understanding how these devices operate to divert and limit dangerous voltage spikes is fundamental to ensuring reliable electrical infrastructure in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Understanding […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18404"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18404\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}