{"id":20972,"date":"2025-12-24T23:28:37","date_gmt":"2025-12-24T15:28:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=20972"},"modified":"2025-12-24T23:29:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T15:29:33","slug":"tvss-vs-spd-ul-1449-standards-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/tvss-vs-spd-ul-1449-standards-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"TVSS UL 1449 Standards: Legacy vs Modern SPD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"product-intro\">\n<h2>\u179f\u17c1\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17be\u1798: \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPD<\/h2>\n<p>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17be\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u17a2\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1791\u179f\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u179f\u179a\u17cd\u1798\u1780\u17a0\u17be\u1799 \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a0\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17d6 <strong>TVSS<\/strong> (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793) \u1793\u17b7\u1784 <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/spd\/\"><strong>SPD<\/strong> (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780)<\/a>. \u17d4 \u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17be\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u178a\u17cf\u179f\u17b6\u1798\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2009 \u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17c9\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u178f\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17d4 \u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u1791\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1796\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17be\u179b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1796\u17b8\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb UL 1449 \u1791\u17c5 SPDs \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 5 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d4.<\/p>\n<p>\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u1780\u179a \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1798\u17c9\u17c5\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1 \u179c\u17b6\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u1794\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17d4 \u1799\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPD \u17d4 \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1790\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u17a0\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb \u17ac\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1790\u17d2\u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u1798\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17bb\u1791\u17d2\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1780\u17cd\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u1785\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/VIOX-Surge-Protective-Device-SPD-installed-in-industrial-electrical-panel.webp\" alt=\"VIOX Surge Protective Device (SPD) installed in industrial electrical panel\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-top: 8px;\">\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b8 1: \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780 VIOX (SPD) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u17d4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a: UL 1449 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 1 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17b8 2 (\u1799\u17bb\u1782\u179f\u1798\u17d0\u1799 TVSS)<\/h2>\n<p>\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2009 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17a2\u17b6\u1798\u17c1\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1787\u17be\u1784\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u1780\u179b\u1790\u17b6\u1787\u17b6 <strong>TVSS<\/strong> (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793) \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 1 (1985) \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17b8 2 (1998) \u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb UL 1449 \u17d4 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179c\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17c9\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u178f\u17cb\u1793\u17c3 SPDs \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/p>\n<p>\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u2014\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1786\u1780\u17cb\u2014\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be <strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb (SVR)<\/strong> \u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u179b\u1780 500 \u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17c2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17bd\u1785\u17d4 \u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179a\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17b7\u1797\u1796\u179b\u17c4\u1780\u1796\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1\u17d4.<\/p>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u178f\u17b9\u1784\u179a\u17c9\u17b9\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7: \u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784 TVSS \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb <strong>\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780<\/strong> (\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798) \u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17b6\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u17d4.<\/p>\n<p>\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u178f\u17c2\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2009 \u17d4 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u179c\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f 3,000A) \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798 NEC \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1798\u17a0\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u17d4 \u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u17a0\u17c1\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u17c5\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799 SPD \u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17c6\u1796\u17b9\u1784\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1793\u17c3\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17d4.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/UL-1449-standard-evolution-flowchart-from-TVSS-to-modern-SPD.webp\" alt=\"UL 1449 standard evolution flowchart from TVSS to modern SPD\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-top: 8px;\">\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b8 2: \u1780\u17b6\u179b\u179c\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a UL 1449 \u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u178a\u17be\u1798\u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794: UL 1449 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 3 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1793\u17c1\u17c7<\/h2>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1799 <strong>UL 1449 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 3 \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2009<\/strong> \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1782\u17c6\u179a\u17bc\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u17d4 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u178a\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a1\u17c2\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1798\u17bb\u1793 (TVSS \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u179b\u1780\u179a\u1784) \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u1798 <strong>\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 (SPD)<\/strong>. \u17d4 \u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1 \u179c\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u1781\u17b7\u178f\u1781\u17c6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17bb\u1781\u178a\u17bb\u1798\u179a\u1798\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u17a2\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a UL \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799 IEC \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1798\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7 (NEC) \u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 3<\/h3>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1798\u17bb\u1793 (TVSS \/ \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 2)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 (SPD \/ \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 3)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">TVSS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">SPD<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1780\u179b (IEC 61643-11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">500A<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>3,000A<\/strong> (\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784 6 \u178a\u1784)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u1798<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">SVR (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>VPR<\/strong> (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u179b\u17c1\u1781\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799\u1790\u17b6\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u17a2\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179a\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6 (I\u2099)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u179a\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 15 \u1793\u17c5\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17b6\u179b\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1-5<\/strong> \u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6 (\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 4 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17b8 5<\/h3>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17d2\u17a2\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17d6<\/p>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 4 (2014\/2017) \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6 SPDs \u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8 5 (2021 \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2025) \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 DC \u1793\u17b7\u1784 photovoltaic (PV) \u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb 1500V DC \u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u1790\u17d2\u1798 USB \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784 Type 3 SPDs \u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u179f\u17bc\u17a1\u1784\u17cb\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u178a\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179f\u17be\u1798\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb Type 5 \u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb SPD<\/h3>\n<p>UL 1449 \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6 \u201c\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u201d \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u1784\u17cb\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1<\/strong>\u17d6 SPDs \u17a2\u1785\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17c3\u1799\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2 (\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2<\/strong>\u17d6 SPDs \u17a2\u1785\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17c3\u1799\u17cd\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780 (\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799)\u2014\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u1793\u1784\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3<\/strong>\u17d6 SPDs \u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb (\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u178a\u17c4\u178f \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1792)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1791\u17b8 4<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u17bb\u17c6\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u1791\u17c0\u178f<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 5<\/strong>\u17d6 \u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a1\u17c2\u1780 (MOVs, GDTs) \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1798\u17c9\u17c4\u1793\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u1781\u17d0\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u179f\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780 TVSS \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7: SVR vs VPR, \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f, \u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/h2>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPD \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1782\u17ba\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Schematic-comparison-of-legacy-TVSS-and-modern-SPD-circuits.webp\" alt=\"Schematic comparison of legacy TVSS and modern SPD circuits\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-top: 8px;\">\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b8 3: \u1782\u17c6\u1793\u17bc\u179f\u178a\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 TVSS \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1798\u17bb\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784 SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784: SVR \u1791\u17c5 VPR<\/h3>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u1780\u179a\u1782\u17ba\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">SVR (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">VPR (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">500A<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>3,000A<\/strong> (\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784 6 \u178a\u1784)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 VPR \u179b\u17c1\u1785\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u1798<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17c2\u1784<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bc\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u179a\u1798\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179a\u179b\u1780 3,000A \u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">VPR \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u1793\u17cb\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">330V, 400V, 500V \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 120V<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">330V, 400V, 500V, <strong>600V<\/strong> \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd VPR 600V \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd SVR 500V \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17c9\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u178f\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u201cSVR: 500V\u201d<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u201cVPR: 600V\u201d<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u179b\u17c1\u1781\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784 SVR \u1793\u17b7\u1784 VPR \u1782\u17ba\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1797\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17a1\u17c6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb<\/strong>\u17d6 SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793 VPR 600V \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1784 TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f SVR 500V \u17d4 \u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784 (3,000A \u1791\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784 500A) \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799\u1790\u17b6\u178f\u17bd\u179b\u17c1\u1781 VPR \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u17d6 \u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6 (I\u2099)<\/h3>\n<p>\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1781\u17d2\u179c\u17c7\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u179a\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17d4 UL 1449 \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 SPDs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8 <strong>15 \u179b\u17be\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u1782\u17c1\u17d4.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>10kA I\u2099<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a2\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1782\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u179c\u178a\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u179a\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b 15 \u00d7 10kA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>20kA I\u2099<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>40kA I\u2099<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb TVSS<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">SPDs \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6 SPDs \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c4\u1799\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17b8\u179b\u17be\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u1797\u17b6\u1796 TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17d7\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/h3>\n<p>SPDs \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u17ac\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS\u17d6<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178f\u17c5<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1780\u17c6\u178a\u17c5\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u178f\u17cb\u1782\u17c1\u1785\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799 \u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17b8\u178f\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u17a0\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8 (SCCR)<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17bb\u179f \u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 SPDs \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u201c\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u201d \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17be\u1780\u1785\u17c6\u17a0 \u1787\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784 \u17ac\u1786\u1780\u17cb\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u179f\u17bc\u17a1\u1784\u17cb<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u178a\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1796\u17a0\u17bb\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u1794\u1786\u17c1\u17c7\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17d4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Cutaway-diagram-of-modern-SPD-internal-components.webp\" alt=\"Cutaway diagram of modern SPD internal components\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-top: 8px;\">\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b8 4\u17d6 \u1791\u17b7\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1793\u17c3 VIOX SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u179a\u1794\u1794\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f<\/h3>\n<p>\u178f\u17b6\u179a\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179f\u1784\u17d2\u1781\u17c1\u1794\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a TVSS \u1793\u17b7\u1784 SPD\u17d6<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 2 (TVSS)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 (SPD)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799 500A<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7 3,000A<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u1798 6\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1792\u1793\u17cb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u179c\u178a\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u1796\u17d2\u179c\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 15 \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f I\u2099<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1798\u17b6\u178e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1780\u17c6\u178a\u17c5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179f\u17b8\u178f\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u17a0\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb SCCR \u1796\u17c1\u1789\u179b\u17c1\u1789<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>DC\/PV<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f DC 1500V \u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1782\u17b6\u17c6\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1780\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u1789<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u17d6 \u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1799\u17bc\u179a \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u17a0\u17b6\u1793\u17b7\u1797\u17d0\u1799\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 SPD\u17d6 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1-5 \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u1799\u179b\u17cb<\/h2>\n<p>UL 1449 \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u179f\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780 \u201cTVSS\u201d \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u1784\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u17d4 \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u1781\u17d0\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u17bc\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u1784\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u178b\u1798<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px; text-align: left;\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u17d4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2 (\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1794\u17b6\u1789\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb (100\u2011200kA) \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17bd\u1793\u17af\u1784 \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1798\u17b6\u1793 OCPD \u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 \u17a2\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 \u1798\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b8\u179a\u1796\u17c1\u1791\u17d2\u1799 \u1798\u1787\u17d2\u1788\u1798\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179b\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780 (\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u179b\u17cb\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u1793\u1784\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1791\u17c5 TVSS, \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a OCPD \u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5, \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 10\u201140kA<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a2\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 \u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1798\u17c1\u179b\u17c6\u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793 \u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb (\u226510m \u1796\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u178f\u17c6\u1794\u1793\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u178a\u17c4\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784 SPD \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u178a\u17c4\u178f, \u179f\u17bc\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796, \u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u1780 USB<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17b7\u1799\u17b6\u179b\u17d0\u1799 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179c\u17c1\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c7 \u1791\u17bc IT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1791\u17b8 4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u179a\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1792\u17c6\u1787\u17b6\u1784<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17af\u1780\u17af\u1784\u1791\u17c1 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u178a\u17c4\u1799 OEM \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u17c4\u1784\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a1\u17c2\u1780<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u1786\u17c5 (MOVs, GDTs, TVS diodes) \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u1784\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1\u20114, \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179f\u17be\u1798<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17c9\u17c4\u1793 PCB, \u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f TVSS \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u179f\u1798\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h2>\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784: \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798<\/h2>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPD \u1782\u17ba\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17b6\u179a\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1794\u17c2\u1794\u179f\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1796\u17b7\u178f\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u1782\u17ba\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17c1\u17c7\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1791\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u17d4 \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1790\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b \u17ac\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u1790\u17d2\u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 TVSS \u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b<\/h3>\n<p>\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1798\u17d7\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1\u17d4 \u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/strong>\u17d6 \u179f\u17bc\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789 \u201c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u201d \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17c1\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u1790\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u178a\u1784\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a<\/strong>\u17d6 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1784 \u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7 \u17ac\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u1793\u1794\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798 UL 1449 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u179c\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u179a<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b 10-15 \u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb (\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b SPD \u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6)\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u17a0\u17bd\u179f\u179f\u1798\u17d0\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179b\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1780\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17c9\u17bc\u178c\u17bb\u179b\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f \u17ac\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u1797\u17b6\u1796 TVSS \u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b\u17d4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798: NEC, UL \u1793\u17b7\u1784 IEC<\/h3>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u178f\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6: NEC (\u1798\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6 285) \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 SPDs \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8 UL 1449 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179b\u17bb\u1794\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8; UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 \u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793; IEC 61643\u201111 \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1780\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u178f\u17b6\u1798 UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 3+ \u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/h3>\n<p>\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb SPDs \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u17ac\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1790\u17d2\u1798\u17b8:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u201cSPD\u201d \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17c2\u1793 \u201cTVSS\u201d \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1797\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179b\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8 UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u17bc\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u1791\u17c5\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8<\/strong>\u17d6 \u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1-5 \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u17bc\u1795\u17d2\u1782\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb<\/strong>\u17d6 \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7 \u179f\u17bc\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 (\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798) + \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2 (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799) + \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3 (\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb) \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8 SPD \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be\u17d4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u1781\u17d0\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179c\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799-\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd<\/h3>\n<p>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPDs \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c2\u1784: \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1790\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6\u179a\u1784\u1785\u17b6\u17c6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1794\u17bb\u1796\u17d2\u179c\u179b\u17b6\u1797\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u179f\u17c1\u178e\u17b6\u179a\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u17a2\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17b7\u1799\u17b6\u179b\u17d0\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 (1995)<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f TVSS \u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 SPDs \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2; \u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 \u1793\u17c5\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u179a\u17c4\u1784\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1795\u179b\u17b7\u178f<\/strong>\u17d6 \u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb: \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 (\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798), \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2 (\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799), \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3 (\u1791\u17bc PLC) \u17d4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1798\u1787\u17d2\u1788\u1798\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179b\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f TVSS \u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b UPS \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 SPDs \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2 \u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb; \u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3 \u1793\u17c5\u1791\u17bc server \u17d4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u17bd\u179a\u1791\u17b8 1: \u178f\u17be\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u178a\u17cf\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784 TVSS \u1793\u17b7\u1784 SPD?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u17ba\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u17d4. <strong>TVSS<\/strong> (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793) \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798 UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 1 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17b8 2 (\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6 2009) \u17d4. <strong>SPD<\/strong> (\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b) \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 3 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d4 \u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1788\u17d2\u1798\u17c4\u17c7 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a SPD \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17c9\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1791\u17c0\u178f (\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 3,000A \u1791\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784 500A) \u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1-5 \u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u17bd\u179a\u1791\u17b8 2: \u178f\u17be\u1781\u17d2\u1789\u17bb\u17c6\u1793\u17c5\u178f\u17c2\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1781\u17d2\u1789\u17bb\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17c1?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd TVSS \u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u179c\u17c7\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a0\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a NEC \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1791\u17c1\u17d4 \u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17be: (1) \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179f\u17bc\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u1797\u17b6\u1796 (2) \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 (3) \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8 UL 1449 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u17ac (4) \u1787\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u179c\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b 10-15 \u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u17bd\u179a\u1791\u17b8 3: \u178f\u17be\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 VPR \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u1791\u17c5\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 SVR \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178e\u17b6?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/strong>\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u179b\u17c1\u1781\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1782\u17ba\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1786\u17d2\u1782\u1784\u17d4. <strong>VPR<\/strong> (\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b) \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f 3,000A \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b <strong>SVR<\/strong> (\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb) \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17c2 500A \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u17d4 SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793 VPR 600V \u1796\u17b7\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1784 TVSS \u1780\u17c1\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 SVR 500V \u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f VPR \u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u1793\u17cb\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n<h3>\u179f\u17c6\u178e\u17bd\u179a\u1791\u17b8 4: \u178f\u17be\u1781\u17d2\u1789\u17bb\u17c6\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 SPD \u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u17b6\u1782\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1790\u17d2\u1798\u17b8?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u1798\u17bd\u1799<\/strong>\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799 \u179f\u17bc\u1798\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7 (\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17be\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a0\u17b6\u1793\u17b7\u1797\u17d0\u1799\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799\u1798\u17c1\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u179b\u17cb<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7 (\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u1798\u17c1 \u1791\u17bc\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1793\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be \u17a0\u17be\u1799\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b8 UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 \u17d4.<\/p>\n<h2>\u179f\u17c1\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b8\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17b7\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u17d6 \u1793\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17b6\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178f\u17bd\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb VIOX<\/h2>\n<p>\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1796\u17b8 TVSS \u1791\u17c5 SPD \u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u1799 - \u179c\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17bb\u17c7\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u17a0\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d4 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd \u1793\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1784\u17a2\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d6<\/p>\n<h3>\u1791\u17b7\u179f\u178a\u17c5\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u1785\u17c1\u1789<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 Smart Grids<\/strong>SPDs \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u178f\u1796\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1796\u17b8\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a DC \u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a<\/strong>\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1789\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u179a\u1790\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1790\u17d2\u1798 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17b6\u179a\u17c1\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17ba\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u1791\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17bb\u1781\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u1792\u17ba\u178e\u17b7\u178f<\/strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb SPDs \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c6\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17c2\u1784\u178c\u17b8\u1787\u17b8\u1790\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793 IoT \u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u178f\u179b\u17be\u1793\u17b7\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/strong>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1797\u17b6\u179a\u17c8 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c2\u1785\u17d2\u1793\u17c3\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u1793\u17c5\u1785\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u1794\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17c1\u1787\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb VIOX \u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u178a\u17b9\u1780\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a<\/h3>\n<p>\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1793\u17b6\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u17a0\u17ca\u17bb\u1793\u1795\u179b\u17b7\u178f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1788\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1782\u17c1 VIOX Electric \u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1797\u17b7\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d\u1793\u17cd\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u17d4 \u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1795\u179b\u17b7\u178f\u1795\u179b SPD \u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1799\u17be\u1784\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a UL 1449 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17b8 5 \u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u179b\u17c1\u1789 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u17d6<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb<\/li>\n<li>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb<\/li>\n<li>\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1-5 \u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb<\/li>\n<li>\u17af\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u1786\u17d2\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c5\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17bb\u1780\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f<\/h3>\n<p>\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1790\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u1790\u17c2\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 TVSS \u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb \u17ac\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 SPD \u1790\u17d2\u1798\u17b8 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u1785\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17d4 \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u1799\u1780\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a UL 1449 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1789\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179b\u17c4\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1794\u1791\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17bb\u1782\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1789\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style: italic; color: #555;\">\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 \u17ac\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1799\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u1795\u179b\u17b7\u178f\u1795\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 VIOX \u179f\u17bc\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1798\u1782\u17b6\u17c6\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1799\u17be\u1784 \u17ac\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1795\u179b\u17b7\u178f\u1795\u179b SPD \u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be VIOX.com \u17d4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"simg-pop-btn\" style=\"top: 3151.84px; left: 14px; display: none;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simg-pop-btn\" style=\"top: 3151.84px; left: 14px; display: none;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simg-pop-btn\" style=\"top: 4993.56px; left: 14px; display: none;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"simg-pop-btn\" style=\"top: 4993.56px; left: 14px; display: none;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: The Terminology Shift from TVSS to SPD If you&#8217;ve worked with electrical systems for more than a decade, you&#8217;ve likely encountered both terms: TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor) and SPD (Surge Protective Device). What began as a simple name change in 2009 represents a fundamental evolution in safety standards, testing rigor, and protection philosophy. 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