{"id":18404,"date":"2025-07-14T02:21:18","date_gmt":"2025-07-13T18:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=18404"},"modified":"2025-07-14T09:44:09","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T01:44:09","slug":"how-surge-protection-devices-divert-and-limit-transient-voltages-for-safety-and-reliability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/how-surge-protection-devices-divert-and-limit-transient-voltages-for-safety-and-reliability\/","title":{"rendered":"\u178f\u17be SPDs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a \u17ac\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u178f\u17c1\u1785 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 (SPDs)<\/a> \u178a\u17be\u179a\u178f\u17bd\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u1793\u17cb\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u179a\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17cf\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u17c7\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u17a0\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179b\u17c6\u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793 \u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\"VIOX<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c6\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17c2\u1784\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6<\/h2>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u1782\u17ba\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17c6\u17a0\u17c6\u1792\u17c6 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1788\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u179b\u17cb \u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u179b\u17cb 6,000 \u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u179b\u17be\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1794 \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u17d4 \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b8\u1793\u17c3\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u17d6 \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5<\/strong> \u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1794\u17b6\u1789\u17cb \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1799\u1796\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17c2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784<\/strong> \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178c\u17bb\u1785\u1791\u17d0\u179a \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17be\u1798\u1798\u17c9\u17bc\u1791\u17d0\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c6\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17c2\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u1782\u17ba\u17a0\u17bd\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1798\u17d7\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1790\u17b6 65% \u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a2\u179f\u17cb\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c3\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b8\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6 \u17a1\u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17c9\u17c1\u179c \u1798\u17c9\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1793\u1794\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17bb\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17a1\u17b6\u179f\u17ca\u17c2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17bc\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u178f\u17c2\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17be\u1780 \u17ac\u1794\u17b7\u1791\u17d4 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17c6\u17a0\u17c6\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7 \u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1789\u17b9\u1780\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17bb\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1782\u17c4\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c3 SPDs<\/h2>\n

SPDs \u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1786\u17be\u178f\u1786\u17b6\u1799 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u1782\u17c1\u178a\u17be\u179a\u178f\u17bd\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1793\u17c5\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17be\u179b\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1783\u17be\u1789\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1786\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u17a0\u17d0\u179f\u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17cf\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17d4 \u1782\u17c4\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179f\u17d2\u1793\u17bc\u179b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u179b\u17b8\u1793\u17c1\u17a2\u17ca\u17c2\u179a<\/strong> \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1793\u17c3 impedance \u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\"SPD<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 SPDs \u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6 \u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796 impedance \u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb<\/strong>, \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1787\u17bd\u179a gigaohm \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179b\u17c6\u17a0\u17bc\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17bd\u1785 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17d4 \u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u1785\u17b6\u17c6\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6 SPD \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u178f\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u178f\u1796\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c3 SPD \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1786\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u17a0\u17d0\u179f\u17d4. \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong>, SPD \u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6 \u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796 impedance \u1791\u17b6\u1794<\/strong>, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17bc\u179c\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4 \u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u178f\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17cf\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17bc\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u17b8 \u17ac\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17a1\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u1796\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17d4 \u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c0\u1794<\/strong> \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 SPDs \u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u17a0\u17c6\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17d4 \u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb SPD \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c \u1782\u17c0\u1794\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1799\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u1782\u17c1<\/h2>\n

\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793\u1794\u17b8\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u178a\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17cb\u179b\u17be\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1796 SPD \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1793\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d7\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179c\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u1785\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8<\/th>\nMetal Oxide Variator (MOV)<\/th>\n\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u1786\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u1784\u17cb(\u17a2\u17d4\u1793\u17d4)<\/th>\n\u1791\u17bc\u179a\u1791\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u1793\u17cd\u179f\u17c3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6<\/td>\n1-5 \u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/td>\n0.1-1 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/td>\n0.001-0.01 \u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17c4\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/td>\n\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f<\/td>\n\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u1793\u17bc\u1791\u17b6\u1794 (~20V)<\/td>\n\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb \u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17c1\u179a\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17bb\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1793<\/td>\n\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb (1-40 kA)<\/td>\n\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u178e\u17b6\u179f\u17cb (10+ kA)<\/td>\n\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1791\u17c5\u1798\u1792\u17d2\u1799\u1798 (\u1787\u17bd\u179a A)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a<\/td>\n\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb ZnO, \u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a ionization \u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17bc\u179c conductive<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780 Avalanche \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u179b\u17b8\u1780\u17bb\u1793<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u17d4<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b, SPDs \u179b\u17c6\u1793\u17c5\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\/\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798<\/td>\n\u1791\u17bc\u179a\u1782\u1798\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u1798\u1793\u17cd, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u178b\u1798<\/td>\n\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799, \u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17bf\u1784\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179b\u17d2\u17a2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7<\/td>\n\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb, \u1791\u17b7\u179f\u178a\u17c5\u1796\u17b8\u179a, \u179f\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6\u179f\u17c6\u1785\u17c3<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u178e\u17b6\u179f\u17cb, \u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb, \u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u179c\u17c2\u1784<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u179a\u17a0\u17d0\u179f\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f, \u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb, \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u178a\u17c2\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17ba\u1793\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6, \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1791\u17c5\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u17b8\u178f\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u17a0\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/td>\n\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f slower, \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u178a\u17b6\u1793<\/td>\n\u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb, \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)<\/h3>\n

Metal Oxide Varistors \u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784 \u1787\u17b6\u1784 96% \u1793\u17c3 SPDs \u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b<\/strong> \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb MOV \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17c2\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u179a\u17b9\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u17c6\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6\u17d4 MOVs \u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d0\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u179f\u17b8\u17a2\u17bb\u1780\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u178a (ZnO)<\/strong> \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6 bismuth oxide (Bi\u2082O\u2083) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a MOV \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 \u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c6\u178a\u17c2\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1792\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7<\/strong> \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17d0\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u179f\u17b8\u17a2\u17bb\u1780\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u178a\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u179b\u17c6\u17a0\u17bc\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u17d4 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b varistor (\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1793\u17c5\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f DC 1mA) \u179a\u1794\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179b\u17c6\u17a0\u17bc\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17c1\u179a\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17d4.<\/p>\n

MOVs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789 \u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1791\u17b7\u179f\u178a\u17c5\u1796\u17b8\u179a<\/strong>, \u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17be\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u179c\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u179c\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d4 \u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u1782\u17c1 \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1787\u17b6\u1789\u17b9\u1780\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb \u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 1-40 kA<\/strong>, \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u178b\u1798 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u179b\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a\u1792\u17c6\u17d7 \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u1784\u17cb\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793 (GDT)<\/h3>\n

\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u1784\u17cb\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be \u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793<\/strong>. \u17d4 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u17a2\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 (\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6 \u1793\u17b8\u17a2\u17bb\u1784 \u17ac\u17a2\u17b6\u17a0\u17d2\u1782\u17bb\u1784) \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b7\u1791\u1787\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17b7\u1785 \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u178f\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u179f\u17bc\u17a1\u1784\u17cb\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u17d4 \u1791\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b6\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u17be\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1786\u17c1\u17c7<\/strong>, \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1799 \u1791\u17c5\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179c\u17b6\u179b\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u1798\u17c9\u17bc\u179b\u17c1\u1782\u17bb\u179b\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bb\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17b6 \u1786\u17b6\u1793\u17c2\u179b\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5<\/strong> \u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u178f \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17bc\u179c\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1791\u17b6\u1794 (\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a0\u17c2\u179b 20V \u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u1793\u17bc) \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a0\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c3\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17d4 \u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b \u1796\u17b8 0.1 \u1791\u17c5 1 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong>, \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 GDT \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u178c\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178f\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 (TVS)<\/h3>\n

\u178c\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178f TVS \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780 Avalanche \u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u179b\u17b8\u1780\u17bb\u1793<\/strong> \u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u1785\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u179a\u17a0\u17d0\u179f\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c0\u1794\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1785\u17d2\u1794\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17d4 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd semiconductor \u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1782\u17ba\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u178c\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178f Zener \u17af\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780 Avalanche \u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179c\u17b6\u179b\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u179b\u17b8\u1780\u17bb\u1793\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u1793\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u17bf\u1793\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u1791\u17c5\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bb\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1791\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u1785\u17d4 \u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1782\u17bc\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784-\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a0\u17c4\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a5\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u17b7\u1796\u179b Avalanche \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1790\u17c1\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u178c\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178f TVS \u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1787\u17bc\u1793 \u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u179a\u17a0\u17d0\u179f\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f<\/strong> \u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u178e\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799 \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u1796\u17b8 0.001 \u1791\u17c5 0.01 \u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong>, \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u17bf\u1793\u179b\u17bf\u1793\u17d4 \u1791\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b6\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17bd\u179a\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17c2\u179a \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b-\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179a\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a<\/h2>\n

\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b-\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f (V-I) \u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1793\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d7\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1791\u17c5\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\"Voltage-Current<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u17a5\u179a\u17b7\u1799\u17b6\u1794\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/h3>\n

SPDs \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8 V-I \u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17bd\u1780\u179c\u17b6\u17d6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17d4 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6 MOVs \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178c\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178f TVS \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u1784\u17d7 \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17a5\u179a\u17b7\u1799\u17b6\u1794\u1790\u1782\u17c0\u1794 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1798\u1792\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u178a\u17c4\u1799 GDT \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17d4 \u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u179f\u17bc\u17a1\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17cf\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u17a5\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1785\u17c4\u17c7\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u179b\u17be\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7<\/h3>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u17c4\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17a2\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u179a\u1798\u17b6\u178a\u17c2\u179b SPD \u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17d4 \u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be \u179a\u179b\u1780\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f 8\/20 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong> \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17b7\u1797\u1796\u1796\u17b7\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6<\/strong> \u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u1790\u17b6\u178f\u17be SPD \u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17bf\u1793\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17b6\u17d4 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b \u1787\u17bd\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong>, \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong> \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1796\u17c1\u1789\u179b\u17c1\u1789\u17d4 \u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb \u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb SPD \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1782\u17ba\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u178a\u17c0\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1787\u17bd\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u178e\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u178f\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c3\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1799\u178f\u1794\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb<\/strong> \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a SPD \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u178f\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u17d4 \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1782\u178e\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17b7\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17c3 \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u178f\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784<\/strong>. \u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1790\u17b6 \u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u17a0\u17c1\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1789 \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17c4\u179b\u1794\u17c6\u178e\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u1794\u1792\u17c0\u1794\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1799\u17bb\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b SPD<\/h2>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd SPD \u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1780\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u17d4 \u1782\u17c6\u1793\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c3 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179b<\/strong> \u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 SPD \u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c5\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u178a\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u1794\u17cb\u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1799\u17bb\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b8\u1787\u17b6\u1793\u17cb<\/h3>\n

\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 SPDs<\/strong> \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u179f\u17c1\u179c\u17b6\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1791\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u17d4 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784 \u179a\u179b\u1780\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f 10\/350 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong> \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1798\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1791\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u179a\u17bf\u1799\u17d7\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8 25 kA\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 2 SPDs<\/strong> \u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c5\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1791\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u1785\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u179b\u1796\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u178a\u17bc\u179a\u17d4 \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784 \u179a\u179b\u1780 8\/20 \u1798\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8<\/strong>, \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u179f\u179b\u17cb \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1782\u17c0\u1794\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 3 SPDs<\/strong> \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1787\u17bc\u1793 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17bb\u1785\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb<\/strong> \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 \u1795\u17d2\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1782\u17c0\u1794\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1791\u17c5\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u17d4 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u1799 10 \u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a \u1796\u17b8\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17d2\u1799\u17bb\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u178f\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1788\u1798 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b<\/h3>\n

\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17c4\u1782\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784 SPDs \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1787\u17bd\u179a\u1791\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u1780\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793\u1785\u17c6\u1796\u17c4\u17c7 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8<\/strong>. \u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1788\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1793\u17c3\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1793\u17c5\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u178a\u178e\u17d2\u178a\u1794\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b SPDs \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1787\u17bd\u179a\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u178a\u17c0\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6<\/strong>. \u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1782\u17c0\u1794\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u179b\u17be \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798 \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1796\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1799\u17b6\u1798\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1793\u17c3\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1798\u17bb\u1793\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u17d4 \u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178c\u17bb\u1785\u1791\u17d0\u179a\u1793\u17c3\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784<\/strong> \u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 SPD \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17bd\u1799\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u17d4 \u17a2\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u178c\u17bb\u1785\u1791\u17d0\u179a\u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17bd\u1799\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179b SPD \u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1799\u17bc\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1791\u17bc\u1791\u17c5\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1799\u1780 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b<\/h2>\n

SPDs \u1798\u17b7\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1 \u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1799\u1780 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6\u17d4 \u179f\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb SPDs \u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793 \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1791\u17c6\u17a0\u17c6 \u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179c\u17c1\u179b\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1799\u1780\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784 MOVs<\/strong> \u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8 \u1780\u17c6\u178a\u17c5 Joule<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1792\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u17a2\u17bb\u1780\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u178a\u179f\u17d0\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u179f\u17b8\u17d4 \u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1793\u17c3\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u179b\u17b8\u1793\u17c1\u17a2\u17ca\u17c2\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1780\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1795\u17d2\u1793\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17a1\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u179f\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u17c6\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17b6\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1790\u1799\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u17d4 \u1791\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b6\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cf\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u1780\u1780\u17bb\u1789<\/strong> \u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1797\u17b6\u179a\u17c8 MOV \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1793\u17c5\u1791\u17b8\u1794\u17c6\u1795\u17bb\u178f\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17c1\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17d4.<\/p>\n

GDT \u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b<\/strong> \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8 \u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u1780\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178a<\/strong> \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1791\u17b9\u1780\u179a\u17c6\u17a2\u17b7\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17c6\u178a\u17c5 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17ba \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1784\u17be\u1794\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u1789\u178a\u17cf\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4 \u179f\u17c6\u178e\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u17c1\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17b7\u1785 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 GDT \u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1792\u1793\u17cb\u179b\u17d2\u17a2\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c4\u17c7\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799<\/h2>\n

\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 SPD \u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u17a5\u179a\u17b7\u1799\u17b6\u1794\u1790\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17ba\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6 SPDs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u1793\u1787\u17b6\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17be\u1780<\/h3>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17be\u1780<\/strong> \u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b SPDs \u1788\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u1781\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u1785\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u1794\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f \u17ac\u1787\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5\u17d4 SPDs \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17be MOV \u1787\u17b6\u1789\u17b9\u1780\u1789\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b \u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u178a\u17c5<\/strong> \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u178a\u17c5\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u1780\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1788\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17be\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1780\u1783\u17be\u1789 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1784\u17d2\u17a2\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789<\/strong>. SPDs \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1794\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1782\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a \u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1798\u17d7\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1784\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1\u17d4 SPDs \u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1784\u17d2\u17a2\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/strong> \u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179f\u17bc\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u179a LED \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u17a1\u17c1\u1784\u179a\u17c4\u1791\u17b7\u17cd\u1796\u17b8\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1784\u17b6\u1799 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1787\u17bc\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17b9\u1784\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b7\u1785\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17b6\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8<\/h3>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8<\/strong> \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u1799\u1794\u17b6\u179a\u1798\u17d2\u1797\u17a2\u17c6\u1796\u17b8\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1798\u17d7\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798\u1791\u17c0\u178f \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u179c\u17b6\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17bb\u179f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f \u17ac\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17be\u1784\u17d4 SPDs \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1786\u17d2\u179b\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1799\u17c9\u17b6\u1784\u1798\u17c9\u178f\u17cb\u1785\u178f\u17cb \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1791\u1794\u17cb\u1791\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8<\/strong> \u1799\u17c4\u1784\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17bc\u1785\u1787\u17b6 IEC 61643-11 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17c5<\/strong> \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784\u1791\u17bb\u1780\u178a\u17cf\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b8\u17d4 \u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17bb\u1799\u179f\u17ca\u17b8\u1794 \u17ac\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17c6\u1794\u17c2\u1780\u179f\u17c0\u1782\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u179a\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17bb\u179f \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6\u178f\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a SPD \u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17c0\u178f\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1798\u17bb\u1781\u1784\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f<\/h2>\n

\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f SPD \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17d4 \u1780\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u1781\u17d0\u178e\u17d2\u178c\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u178a\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u17cb\u179b\u17be\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a SPD \u179f\u1780\u179b\u17d6 UL 1449<\/strong> (\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1793\u17c5\u17a2\u17b6\u1798\u17c1\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u1784\u1787\u17be\u1784) \u1793\u17b7\u1784 IEC 61643<\/strong> (\u17a2\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u178f\u17b7)\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7<\/h3>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f UL 1449<\/strong> \u1782\u17bc\u179f\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b (VPR)<\/strong> \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6 (\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b 1.2\/50 \u03bcs, \u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f 8\/20 \u03bcs)\u17d4 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1789\u1791\u17b9\u1780\u179a\u17c6\u17a2\u17b7\u179b\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u179f\u17c6 (In)<\/strong> \u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179a\u17bb\u1789\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u1785\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u1793 15 \u1793\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179c\u17b6\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f IEC 61643<\/strong> \u178e\u17c2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6\u1794\u17c9\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1798\u17c9\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u17c2\u1798 \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u179a\u17bb\u1789\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793 (Iimp)<\/strong> \u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb SPDs \u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 1 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1791\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u179a\u179b\u1780 10\/350 \u03bcs \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1798\u17b6\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1795\u17d2\u179b\u17c1\u1780\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c4\u179a\u17d4 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17cf\u179f\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u1792\u17d2\u1784\u1793\u17cb\u1795\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179a \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b (Up)<\/strong> \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179c\u17c2\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1797\u17c1\u1791 SPD \u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796<\/h3>\n

\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1780\u17cb \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17bb\u17c7\u1785\u178f\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17d4<\/strong>, \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179c\u17c2\u1784\u1781\u17d2\u179f\u17c2<\/strong>, \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a<\/strong>. SPDs \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178a\u17c4\u1799 \u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b8\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u1780\u17d2\u1781\u178e\u17c8\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1793\u17cb<\/strong> \u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1793\u17b8\u178f\u17b7\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1794 \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u1798 SPD \u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17b8<\/strong> \u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f \u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1797\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u17a2\u1796\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1780\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u1791\u17c5\u178a\u17b8\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799 \u1798\u17bc\u179b\u17a0\u17c1\u178f\u17bb\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u1784\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799 SPD<\/strong>. \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u1784\u17cb\u178a\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17c0\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u178a\u17b8\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c \u1798\u17bb\u1793\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b SPD \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1785\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u1784\u17a2\u17c6\u17a1\u17bb\u1784\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u178f\u17c1\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1793\u17bb\u1796\u179b\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb \u178a\u17be\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u179f\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb<\/h2>\n

\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17b6\u1798\u1794\u17c2\u1794\u179f\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 SPD \u1782\u17ba\u17a0\u17bd\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u17c4\u1782\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17c2\u179b\u1798\u17d2\u17a2\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3-\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd<\/h3>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1790\u17b6 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179a\u179b\u1780\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u179f\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17a2\u17b6\u1798\u17c1\u179a\u17b7\u1780\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u1794\u1784\u17cb 5-6 \u1796\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179b\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17bb\u179b\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u179a\u17c0\u1784\u179a\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1786\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u17c6<\/strong> \u1796\u17b8\u17a7\u1794\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u17a0\u17c1\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u17af\u1784\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 SPD \u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179a\u17c9\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u179a\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u1794\u1784\u17cb\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17c1\u17c7 \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u17c4\u1782\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1782\u179a\u1799\u178f\u17bc\u1785\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1793\u17bb\u1796\u179b\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17b6\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17be\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a<\/strong> \u1787\u17b6\u179a\u17bf\u1799\u17d7\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u179b\u17cb \u1787\u17b6\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u179a\u17b7\u1794\u1791\u1796\u17b6\u178e\u17b7\u1787\u17d2\u1787\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u17a0\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u17d4 SPDs \u1787\u17bd\u1799\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u17a2\u17b6\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u1798\u1780\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u179b\u1780\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u179a\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u179b\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1787\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u178f\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd<\/h3>\n

SPDs \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17c2\u1780\u178a\u179b\u17cb \u17a2\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1799\u17bc\u179a<\/strong> \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u1780\u1780\u1780\u17bb\u1789\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178f\u17bc\u1785\u17d7\u178a\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17d7\u17d4 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1793\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d7\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17a0\u17c2\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u179b\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u1797\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1798\u17d7\u1793\u17c4\u17c7\u1791\u17c1 \u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u179f\u1780\u1780\u1780\u17bb\u1789\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u1780\u17be\u1793\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u17bf\u1793\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1781\u17bc\u1785\u1781\u17b6\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1798\u17bc\u179b\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u179c\u1794\u1784\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1789\u1790\u17b6\u1780\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17c6\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a SPD \u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17bd\u1794\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17c7 \u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u179a\u17b6\u1787\u17d0\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1791\u17b6\u1794\u1787\u17b6\u1784\u1782\u17bd\u179a\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u178f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1782\u17b6\u179b\u17cb<\/strong> \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u17d4 \u1793\u17c1\u17c7\u1794\u1780\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17c2\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u179f\u179a\u17bb\u1794\u1793\u17c3\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17d2\u1785\u17b6\u179f\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1797\u17b7\u179c\u178c\u17d2\u178d\u1793\u17cd \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1793\u17b6\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u17a2\u1793\u17b6\u1782\u178f<\/h2>\n

\u179c\u17b7\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17cd\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1788\u1798\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17c6\u1796\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17be\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794 \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u179f\u1798\u17b6\u17a0\u179a\u178e\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1780\u1780\u17be\u178f\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179c\u17b7\u1789<\/strong>, \u17a0\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u1790\u17d2\u1798\u179a\u1790\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8<\/strong>, \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 Smart Grid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780 DC<\/strong> \u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u1791\u17bd\u179b\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u179f\u17b6\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1799\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792 photovoltaic \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179f\u17d2\u1790\u17b6\u1793\u17b8\u1799\u17cd\u179f\u17b6\u1780\u1790\u17d2\u1798 DC \u17d4 SPDs \u17af\u1780\u1791\u17c1\u179f\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8 DC \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u178a\u17c4\u17c7\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u17a0\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1788\u1798\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1782\u178f\u17cb\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u178f\u17cb\u1792\u17d2\u1793\u17bc<\/strong> \u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1782\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1793 AC zero-crossings \u1793\u17b7\u1784 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a DC<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799<\/strong> \u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1796\u1784\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b9\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1781\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179b\u17be\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17b6\u1789\u17d4 \u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1781\u17d2\u1796\u179f\u17cb\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u178f\u17c2\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb \u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17d2\u1794\u17bf\u1793\u179b\u17bf\u1793<\/strong> \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17bb\u1785\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u179f\u1789\u17d2\u1789\u17b6 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1790\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u17b6\u178f\u17cb\u1794\u1784\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u179f\u17c1\u1785\u1780\u17d2\u178f\u17b8\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u17b7<\/h2>\n

\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u178f\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1784\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1786\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1782\u17c6\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u1780\u17c6\u17a0\u17c2\u1784\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u178f\u17c2\u1784\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17c3\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793\u1793\u17c5\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4 \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17bb\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u178a\u17be\u1798\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1796\u17b9\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b \u179a\u17bc\u1794\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u17a2\u17ca\u17b8\u1799\u17c9\u17bc\u178a\u17a7\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17d0\u1793 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1795\u179b\u1794\u17c9\u17c7\u1796\u17b6\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u1791\u17c7\u1788\u17b8\u1794 semiconductor SPDs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7\u1790\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1787\u17c4\u1782\u1787\u17d0\u1799 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1791\u17c5\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b7\u178f\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a SPD \u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d0\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u1787\u17b6\u1799\u17bb\u1791\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793\u179a\u179c\u17b6\u1784\u178a\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1787\u17b6\u1785\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u17d4 \u1781\u178e\u17c8\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u1793\u17b8\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u17d7\u1795\u17d2\u178f\u179b\u17cb\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1796\u17b7\u179f\u17c1\u179f \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17cf\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17c6\u1791\u17bc\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u1792\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u178f\u17b6\u1791\u17b6\u1798\u1791\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17d2\u178f\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17bd\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1785\u17bc\u179b\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u17d7\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1793\u17c5\u1791\u17b8\u178f\u17b6\u17c6\u1784\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u1798\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1793\u17c5\u1796\u17c1\u179b\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17bb\u1782\u179f\u17d2\u1798\u17b6\u1789 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1796\u17b9\u1784\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u17a2\u17c1\u17a1\u17b7\u1785\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1793\u17b7\u1780\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1784\u17b6\u1799\u179a\u1784\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17c4\u17c7 \u178f\u17bd\u1793\u17b6\u1791\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb SPDs \u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1787\u17bf\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u178f\u17c2\u1794\u17c9\u17bb\u178e\u17d2\u178e\u17c4\u17c7\u17d4 \u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u17b8\u1780\u1785\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u1793\u1780\u17d2\u1793\u17bb\u1784\u1794\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u17c1\u1780\u179c\u17b7\u1791\u17d2\u1799\u17b6 SPD \u179a\u17bd\u1798\u1787\u17b6\u1798\u17bd\u1799\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u17a2\u1793\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u1798\u17d2\u1798\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u1790\u17c2\u1791\u17b6\u17c6\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u179f\u17be\u179a\u17a1\u17be\u1784 \u1793\u17b9\u1784\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179f\u17b6\u179a\u17c8\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a0\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u17d7\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1791\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u17cb\u179f\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u1798\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17be\u1794\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u17a2\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1799\u17c4\u1787\u1793\u17cd\u179f\u17c1\u178a\u17d2\u178b\u1780\u17b7\u1785\u17d2\u1785\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a SPD \u179b\u17be\u179f\u1796\u17b8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u17c6\u178e\u17b6\u1799\u179b\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179c\u17b7\u1793\u17b7\u1799\u17c4\u1782\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u17b1\u17d2\u1799\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u1780\u17d2\u179b\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u179f\u1798\u17b6\u179f\u1792\u17b6\u178f\u17bb\u179f\u17c6\u1781\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u1785\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u1794\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1791\u17c6\u1793\u17bd\u179b\u1781\u17bb\u179f\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u17d4 \u178f\u17b6\u1798\u179a\u1799\u17c8\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1799\u179b\u17cb\u178a\u17b9\u1784\u1796\u17b8\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b SPDs \u1794\u1784\u17d2\u179c\u17c2\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1780\u17c6\u178e\u178f\u17cb\u179c\u17c9\u17bb\u179b\u1794\u178e\u17d2\u178f\u17c4\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u179f\u1793\u17d2\u1793 \u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d2\u179c\u1780\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1794\u17cb\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u1784\u1780\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17c2\u1784\u17a2\u17b6\u1785\u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17c1\u1785\u1785\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u178a\u17c4\u1799\u1795\u17d2\u17a2\u17c2\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1796\u17d0\u178f\u17cc\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u178a\u17cf\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u178f\u1798\u17d2\u179b\u17c3 \u1792\u17b6\u1793\u17b6\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1793\u17bc\u179c\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1794\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u1793\u17c3\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u178f\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7\u1780\u17b6\u179a \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u179a\u1780\u17d2\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17bb\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u1790\u17b7\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1793\u17c3\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u178a\u17c6\u17a1\u17be\u1784\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u17d4.<\/p>\n

\u1796\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792<\/h2>\n

\u178f\u17be\u17a2\u17d2\u179c\u17b8\u1791\u17c5\u1787\u17b6\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780 (SPD)<\/a><\/p>\n

\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1780\u17be\u1793\u17a1\u17be\u1784 (SPDs) \u1781\u17bb\u179f\u1782\u17d2\u1793\u17b6\u1796\u17b8\u179c\u17b7\u1792\u17b8\u179f\u17b6\u179f\u17d2\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u1785\u179a\u1793\u17d2\u178f\u17a2\u1782\u17d2\u1782\u17b7\u179f\u1793\u17b8\u1795\u17d2\u179f\u17c1\u1784\u1791\u17c0\u178f<\/a><\/p>\n

\u179a\u1794\u17c0\u1794\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17be\u179f\u179a\u17be\u179f SPD \u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b9\u1798\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u179c\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u17cb\u1794\u17d2\u179a\u1796\u17d0\u1793\u17d2\u1792\u1790\u17b6\u1798\u1796\u179b\u1796\u1793\u17d2\u179b\u17ba\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c7\u17a2\u17b6\u1791\u17b7\u178f\u17d2\u1799\u179a\u1794\u179f\u17cb\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u17d4<\/a><\/p>\n

\u17a7\u1794\u1780\u179a\u178e\u17cd\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1796\u17b6\u179a\u179a\u179b\u1780\u17d6 \u1782\u17bb\u178e\u179f\u1798\u17d2\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7 \u1793\u17b7\u1784\u1782\u17bb\u178e\u179c\u17b7\u1794\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u17b7<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) serve as critical guardians of electrical systems, providing essential protection against transient overvoltages that can cause devastating damage to sensitive equipment and compromise system safety. Understanding how these devices operate to divert and limit dangerous voltage spikes is fundamental to ensuring reliable electrical infrastructure in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Understanding […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18404"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18404\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/km\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}