{"id":7557,"date":"2024-09-30T12:27:35","date_gmt":"2024-09-30T04:27:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=7557"},"modified":"2025-11-19T19:36:17","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T11:36:17","slug":"rcd-vs-mcb-understanding-the-key-differences-in-electrical-protection-devices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcd-vs-mcb-understanding-the-key-differences-in-electrical-protection-devices\/","title":{"rendered":"RCD vs. MCB: pochopen\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f v elektrick\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Stavebn\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edk se dotkne vadn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vrta\u010dky. Proud za\u010dne prot\u00e9kat jeho t\u011blem do zem\u011b \u2013 28 miliamp\u00e9r, pak 35. Dost na to, aby se mu zastavilo srdce.<\/p>\n

Ne\u017e ale za\u010dne fibrilace komor, obvod se vypne. Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d v do\u010dasn\u00e9m rozvad\u011b\u010di detekoval nerovnov\u00e1hu 30 mA a odpojil nap\u00e1jen\u00ed za 28 milisekund. D\u011bln\u00edk upust\u00ed vrta\u010dku, ot\u0159esen\u00fd, ale \u017eiv\u00fd. Jisti\u010d vedle tohoto proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de? Zaznamenal poruchov\u00fd proud, ale nic neud\u011blal \u2013 proto\u017ee to nebyla jeho pr\u00e1ce. Proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011blem tohoto d\u011bln\u00edka byl nepatrn\u00fd ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u00edm, co spou\u0161t\u00ed jisti\u010d, a p\u0159esto v\u00edce ne\u017e dost na zabit\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Toto je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi ochranou proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem a jisti\u010dem. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de detekuj\u00ed mal\u00e9 svodov\u00e9 proudy, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit \u00faraz elektrick\u00fdm proudem. Jisti\u010de detekuj\u00ed masivn\u00ed nadproudy, kter\u00e9 mohou roztavit vodi\u010de a zp\u016fsobit po\u017e\u00e1r.<\/strong> Stejn\u00fd rozvad\u011b\u010d, r\u016fzn\u00e9 hrozby, zcela odli\u0161n\u00e9 mechanismy ochrany.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1m\u011bna t\u011bchto dvou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u2013 nebo je\u0161t\u011b h\u016f\u0159e, my\u0161lenka, \u017ee jedno m\u016f\u017ee nahradit druh\u00e9 \u2013 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mezery ve va\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 ochran\u011b, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt smrteln\u00e9. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka vysv\u011btluje, jak p\u0159esn\u011b proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de a jisti\u010de funguj\u00ed, kdy kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt a pro\u010d optim\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost \u010dasto vy\u017eaduje, aby ob\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovala spole\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d vs. jisti\u010d: Rychl\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Ne\u017e se pono\u0159\u00edme do technick\u00fdch detail\u016f, zde je to, co odd\u011bluje tato dv\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Faktor<\/th>\nRCD (rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d)<\/th>\nMCB (miniaturn\u00ed jisti\u010d)<\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed ochrana<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00daraz elektrick\u00fdm proudem (chr\u00e1n\u00ed osoby)<\/td>\nNadproud a zkrat (chr\u00e1n\u00ed obvody)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Detekuje<\/strong><\/td>\nProudov\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha mezi f\u00e1zov\u00fdm a nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem (zemn\u00ed svod)<\/td>\nCelkov\u00fd proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed obvodem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Citlivost<\/strong><\/td>\n10 mA a\u017e 300 mA (typicky 30 mA pro ochranu osob)<\/td>\n0,5 A a\u017e 125 A (z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na jmenovit\u00e9m proudu obvodu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Doba odezvy<\/strong><\/td>\n25-40 milisekund p\u0159i jmenovit\u00e9m rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edm proudu<\/td>\nTepeln\u00e1: sekundy a\u017e minuty; Magnetick\u00e1: 5-10 milisekund<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Testovac\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtko<\/strong><\/td>\nAno (mus\u00ed b\u00fdt testov\u00e1no \u010dtvrtletn\u011b)<\/td>\n\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 testovac\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtko<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Normy<\/strong><\/td>\nIEC 61008-1:2024 (RCCB), IEC 61009-1:2024 (RCBO)<\/td>\nIEC 60898-1:2015+A1:2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Typy<\/strong><\/td>\nAC, A, F, B (podle pr\u016fb\u011bhu vlny), S (\u010dasov\u011b zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9)<\/td>\nB, C, D (podle prahu magnetick\u00e9ho vypnut\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NEBUDE chr\u00e1nit proti<\/strong><\/td>\nP\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed nebo zkratu<\/td>\n\u00darazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem ze zemn\u00edho svodu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Typical Application<\/strong><\/td>\nVlhk\u00e9 prostory, z\u00e1suvky, staveni\u0161t\u011b, uzemn\u011bn\u00ed TT<\/td>\nObecn\u00e1 ochrana obvod\u016f, osv\u011btlen\u00ed, distribuce energie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong>: Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d bez jisti\u010de ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 va\u0161e obvody zraniteln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a po\u017e\u00e1ru. Jisti\u010d bez proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 lidi zraniteln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy pot\u0159ebujete oboj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"VIOX<\/p>\n

Co je to proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD)?<\/h2>\n

A Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD)<\/strong>\u2014tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCCB)<\/a> nebo Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) v Severn\u00ed Americe\u2014je elektrick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9 k prevenci \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem detekc\u00ed abnorm\u00e1ln\u00edho toku proudu do zem\u011b. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de, kter\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed normou IEC 61008-1:2024 pro samostatn\u00e9 RCCB a IEC 61009-1:2024 pro RCBO (kombinovan\u00e9 RCD+MCB), jsou povinn\u00e9 v mnoha jurisdikc\u00edch pro obvody, kde se lid\u00e9 mohou dotknout odkryt\u00fdch vodiv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nebo obsluhovat za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve vlhk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u201cRezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proud\u201d, kter\u00fd za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed monitoruje, je rozd\u00edl mezi proudem tekouc\u00edm ven f\u00e1zov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem a proudem vracej\u00edc\u00edm se nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem. Za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek jsou tyto dva proudy stejn\u00e9 \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd elektron, kter\u00fd odejde, se mus\u00ed vr\u00e1tit nulovou cestou. Ale kdy\u017e se n\u011bco pokaz\u00ed \u2013 osoba se dotkne \u017eiv\u00e9ho vodi\u010de, kryt n\u00e1stroje se dostane pod nap\u011bt\u00ed, izolace sel\u017ee uvnit\u0159 spot\u0159ebi\u010de \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st proudu si najde alternativn\u00ed cestu do zem\u011b. Tato nerovnov\u00e1ha je rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proud a to je to, co proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d detekuje.<\/p>\n

Zde je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de zachra\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivoty<\/strong>: Lidsk\u00e1 svalov\u00e1 kontrola je ztracena p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159i 10-15 mA proudu prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho t\u011blem. Fibrilace komor (z\u00e1stava srdce) za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 kolem 50-100 mA trvaj\u00edc\u00edch jednu sekundu. Typick\u00fd proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d pro ochranu osob m\u00e1 jmenovit\u00fd proud 30 mA s dobou vypnut\u00ed 25-40 milisekund. Odpoj\u00ed obvod d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e prote\u010de dostate\u010dn\u00fd proud dostate\u010dn\u011b dlouho na to, aby se v\u00e1m zastavilo srdce.<\/p>\n

Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de nechr\u00e1n\u00ed proti nadproudu nebo zkratu. Pokud p\u0159et\u00ed\u017e\u00edte obvod chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd pouze proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem \u2013 \u0159ekn\u011bme, \u017ee zapoj\u00edte 3 000W oh\u0159\u00edva\u010d do 13A z\u00e1suvkov\u00e9ho obvodu \u2013 proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d bude ne\u010dinn\u011b sed\u011bt, zat\u00edmco se kabel p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1. To je pr\u00e1ce jisti\u010de. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de maj\u00ed jedno posl\u00e1n\u00ed: detekovat proud unikaj\u00edc\u00ed do zem\u011b a vypnout d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e n\u011bkoho zabije.<\/p>\n

Pro-Tip #1:<\/strong> Pokud proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d vypne a nelze jej resetovat, nepokou\u0161ejte se jej neust\u00e1le nutit. N\u011bco zp\u016fsobuje \u00fanik proudu \u2013 po\u0161kozen\u00fd spot\u0159ebi\u010d, vlhkost ve spojovac\u00ed krabici nebo zhor\u0161en\u00e1 izolace kabelu. Nejprve najd\u011bte a opravte z\u00e1vadu. Obej\u00edt nebo vym\u011bnit proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d bez \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny je hazard se \u017eivotem n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Jak funguj\u00ed proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de: Detek\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivoty<\/h2>\n

Uvnit\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00e9ho proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de sed\u00ed pozoruhodn\u011b elegantn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed: a toroidn\u00ed proudov\u00fd transform\u00e1tor<\/strong> (tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvan\u00fd diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed transform\u00e1tor). Tento transform\u00e1tor neust\u00e1le porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 proud ve f\u00e1zov\u00e9m vodi\u010di s proudem v nulov\u00e9m vodi\u010di. Zde je n\u00e1vod, jak to funguje:<\/p>\n

Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed stav (bez vypnut\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n

F\u00e1zov\u00fd i nulov\u00fd vodi\u010d proch\u00e1zej\u00ed st\u0159edem toroidn\u00edho feritov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra. Za norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozu te\u010de 5A ven f\u00e1zov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem a p\u0159esn\u011b 5A se vrac\u00ed nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem. Tyto dva proudy vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v toroidn\u00edm j\u00e1dru magnetick\u00e1 pole, kter\u00e1 jsou stejn\u00e1 ve velikosti, ale opa\u010dn\u00e1 ve sm\u011bru \u2013 navz\u00e1jem se ru\u0161\u00ed. V j\u00e1dru neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u010dist\u00fd magnetick\u00fd tok, tak\u017ee v sn\u00edmac\u00ed c\u00edvce ovinut\u00e9 kolem j\u00e1dra se neindukuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zav\u0159en\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Poruchov\u00fd stav (vypnut\u00ed)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed dojde k poru\u0161e: osoba se dotkne odkryt\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti nebo se poru\u0161\u00ed izolace kabelu, co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed \u00fanik 35 mA proudu do zem\u011b. Nyn\u00ed te\u010de 5,035 A ven f\u00e1zov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem, ale pouze 5,000 A se vrac\u00ed nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem. Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch 35 mA vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1hu \u2013 magnetick\u00e1 pole se ji\u017e neru\u0161\u00ed. Tato nerovnov\u00e1ha indukuje nap\u011bt\u00ed v sn\u00edmac\u00ed c\u00edvce, kter\u00e9 spou\u0161t\u00ed vyp\u00ednac\u00ed mechanismus (obvykle rel\u00e9 nebo solenoid), mechanicky otev\u00edr\u00e1 kontakty a odpojuje obvod.<\/p>\n

To v\u0161e se d\u011bje v 25 a\u017e 40 milisekund<\/strong> p\u0159i jmenovit\u00e9m rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edm proudu (IEC 61008-1 vy\u017eaduje vypnut\u00ed do 300 ms p\u0159i jmenovit\u00e9m I\u0394n a mnohem rychleji p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edch proudech). U 30 mA proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de mus\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vypnout, kdy\u017e rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proud dos\u00e1hne 30 mA, ale obvykle vypne n\u011bkde mezi 15 mA (50% jmenovit\u00e9 hodnoty) a 30 mA (100% jmenovit\u00e9 hodnoty). P\u0159i 150 mA (5\u00d7 jmenovit\u00e1 hodnota) se doba vypnut\u00ed zkr\u00e1t\u00ed na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 40 milisekund.<\/p>\n

Testovac\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtko<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d obsahuje testovac\u00ed tla\u010d\u00edtko, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli stisknout \u010dtvrtletn\u011b. Stisknut\u00edm testovac\u00edho tla\u010d\u00edtka se vytvo\u0159\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha t\u00edm, \u017ee se mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed proudu nasm\u011bruje kolem toroidn\u00edho transform\u00e1toru, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se simuluje zemn\u00ed porucha. Pokud proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d p\u0159i stisknut\u00ed testovac\u00edho tla\u010d\u00edtka nevypne, je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vadn\u00e9 a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt okam\u017eit\u011b vym\u011bn\u011bno. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed voliteln\u00e9 \u2013 je to jedin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak ov\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d bude fungovat, kdy\u017e na n\u011bm z\u00e1vis\u00ed n\u011b\u010d\u00ed \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

Co proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de nemohou detekovat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de maj\u00ed slep\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Nemohou detekovat:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Poruchy mezi f\u00e1zemi<\/strong>: Pokud se n\u011bkdo dotkne sou\u010dasn\u011b f\u00e1zov\u00e9ho a nulov\u00e9ho vodi\u010de (nebo dvou f\u00e1z\u00ed v t\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu), proud vstupuje jedn\u00edm vodi\u010dem a vystupuje druh\u00fdm \u2013 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 vypnut\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  • Nadproud nebo zkrat<\/strong>: Zkrat mezi f\u00e1zov\u00fdm a nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed masivn\u00ed tok proudu, ale pokud je vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd (stejn\u00fd proud ven a zp\u011bt), proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d nic nevid\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  • Poruchy za proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem<\/strong>: Pokud k poru\u0161e dojde na stran\u011b z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de, ale nezahrnuje zem, proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d nepom\u016f\u017ee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Proto pot\u0159ebujete jisti\u010de. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de jsou specialist\u00e9 \u2013 d\u011blaj\u00ed jednu v\u011bc brilantn\u011b, ale nejsou kompletn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm ochrany.<\/p>\n

    Pro-Tip #2:<\/strong> Pokud m\u00e1te v syst\u00e9mu v\u00edce proudov\u00fdch chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016f a jeden neust\u00e1le vyp\u00edn\u00e1, je porucha v obvodu chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9m t\u00edmto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem. Nevym\u011b\u0148ujte proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de v nad\u011bji, \u017ee probl\u00e9m zmiz\u00ed \u2013 vystopujte poruchu izolac\u00ed obvod\u016f jeden po druh\u00e9m, dokud nenajdete vadnou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e nebo kabel.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    \"RCD
    Obr\u00e1zek 1: Vnit\u0159n\u00ed mechanismus proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de. Toroidn\u00ed transform\u00e1tor (diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed transform\u00e1tor) neust\u00e1le porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 proud ve f\u00e1zov\u00e9m vodi\u010di s nulov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Typy proudov\u00fdch chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016f: P\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei<\/h2>\n

    Ne v\u0161echny proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de jsou si rovny. Modern\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee \u2013 zejm\u00e9na ty s v\u00fdkonovou elektronikou \u2013 mohou produkovat rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proudy, kter\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed konstrukce proudov\u00fdch chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016f spolehliv\u011b nedetekuj\u00ed. IEC 60755 a aktualizovan\u00e9 normy IEC 61008-1:2024 \/ IEC 61009-1:2024 definuj\u00ed n\u011bkolik typ\u016f proudov\u00fdch chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b pr\u016fb\u011bhu vlny, kter\u00fd mohou detekovat:<\/p>\n

    Typ AC: Pouze sinusov\u00fd st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud<\/h3>\n

    Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu AC<\/strong> detekuj\u00ed pouze zbytkov\u00fd sinusov\u00fd st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud \u2013 tradi\u010dn\u00ed vlnov\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh 50\/60 Hz. Jednalo se o p\u016fvodn\u00ed konstrukci proudov\u00fdch chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 perfektn\u011b funguj\u00ed pro odporov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, jednoduch\u00e9 spot\u0159ebi\u010de a tradi\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 motory.<\/p>\n

    Omezen\u00ed<\/strong>: Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu AC nemus\u00ed vybavit \u2013 nebo vybavuj\u00ed nespolehliv\u011b \u2013 pokud zbytkov\u00fd proud obsahuje stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 slo\u017eky nebo vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed. Mnoho modern\u00edch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f (m\u011bni\u010de frekvence, nab\u00edje\u010dky EV, induk\u010dn\u00ed varn\u00e9 desky, sol\u00e1rn\u00ed invertory, LED drivery) produkuje usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00e9 nebo pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 zbytkov\u00e9 proudy, kter\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed typu AC nedok\u00e1\u017eou spolehliv\u011b detekovat.<\/p>\n

    Kde je to st\u00e1le p\u0159ijateln\u00e9<\/strong>: Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 obvody s \u017e\u00e1rovkov\u00fdmi nebo z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi z\u00e1\u0159ivkov\u00fdmi sv\u00edtidly, jednoduch\u00e9 odporov\u00e9 topen\u00ed, obvody nap\u00e1jej\u00edc\u00ed pouze tradi\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 spot\u0159ebi\u010de. Ale i zde se typ A st\u00e1v\u00e1 bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00edm.<\/p>\n

    Typ A: AC + Pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed DC<\/h3>\n

    Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu A<\/strong> detekuj\u00ed jak sinusov\u00fd st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd zbytkov\u00fd proud, tak pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00fd zbytkov\u00fd proud (polovlnn\u011b nebo pln\u011b usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00fd). D\u00edky tomu jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro v\u011bt\u0161inu modern\u00edch reziden\u010dn\u00edch a komer\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b jednof\u00e1zov\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f s prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi ot\u00e1\u010dkami, pra\u010dek s elektronick\u00fdm ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm a modern\u00ed spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniky.<\/p>\n

    Pro\u010d na tom z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed<\/strong>: Su\u0161i\u010dka pr\u00e1dla s motorem VFD, modern\u00ed chladni\u010dka s invertorov\u00fdm kompresorem nebo induk\u010dn\u00ed varn\u00e1 deska mohou za poruchov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek produkovat pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 zbytkov\u00e9 proudy. Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d typu AC nemus\u00ed spolehliv\u011b vybavit. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu A jsou minim\u00e1ln\u00edm standardem v mnoha evropsk\u00fdch jurisdikc\u00edch od roku 2020+.<\/p>\n

    Profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed tip #3:<\/strong> Pokud specifikujete ochranu pro jak\u00fdkoli obvod s pohony s prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi ot\u00e1\u010dkami, invertorov\u00fdmi spot\u0159ebi\u010di nebo modern\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm HVAC, nastavte jako minimum typ A. Typ AC je st\u00e1le v\u00edce zastaral\u00fd pro cokoli jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odporov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Typ F: Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed ochrana<\/h3>\n

    Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu F<\/strong> (tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 typ A+ nebo typ A s vylep\u0161enou frekven\u010dn\u00ed odezvou) detekuj\u00ed v\u0161e, co detekuje typ A, plus vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9 proudy a slo\u017een\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 pr\u016fb\u011bhy. Jsou navr\u017eeny pro z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee s frekven\u010dn\u00edmi m\u011bni\u010di a jsou specifikov\u00e1ny v n\u011bkter\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch pro obvody nap\u00e1jej\u00edc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s v\u00fdkonovou elektronickou vstupn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Typ B: Pln\u00e9 DC a AC spektrum<\/h3>\n

    Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de typu B<\/strong> detekuj\u00ed sinusov\u00fd AC, pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed DC a hladk\u00e9 stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 zbytkov\u00e9 proudy<\/strong> a\u017e do 1 kHz. Hladk\u00e9 DC je velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl \u2013 je produkov\u00e1no t\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00fdmi usm\u011br\u0148ova\u010di, rychlonab\u00edje\u010dkami DC, sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi invertory a n\u011bkter\u00fdmi pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi pohony.<\/p>\n

    Pro\u010d je typ B kritick\u00fd pro elektromobily<\/strong>: Nab\u00edje\u010dky elektrick\u00fdch vozidel (zejm\u00e9na rychlonab\u00edje\u010dky DC a nab\u00edje\u010dky AC s \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm Mode 3) mohou produkovat hladk\u00e9 stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 poruchov\u00e9 proudy, kter\u00e9 prot\u00e9kaj\u00ed do zem\u011b ochrann\u00fdm vodi\u010dem. Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d typu A tyto poruchy spolehliv\u011b nedetekuje. IEC 62955 definuje za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro detekci zbytkov\u00e9ho stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho proudu (RDC-DD) specificky pro nab\u00edjec\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EV a mnoho jurisdikc\u00ed vy\u017eaduje ochranu typu B nebo RCD-DD pro nab\u00edjec\u00ed body EV.<\/p>\n

    Kdy mus\u00edte pou\u017e\u00edt typ B<\/strong>:<\/p>\n