{"id":23542,"date":"2026-04-06T22:30:18","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T14:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viox.com\/?p=23542"},"modified":"2026-04-06T22:30:20","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T14:30:20","slug":"leakage-current-vs-residual-current-vs-ground-current","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/leakage-current-vs-residual-current-vs-ground-current\/","title":{"rendered":"Svodov\u00fd proud vs. rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proud vs. zemn\u00ed proud: Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"product-intro\">\n<p>V elektrotechnice a distribuci energie, <strong>svodov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong>, <strong>zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong>a <strong>zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong> jsou \u00fazce spjaty, ale nejsou tot\u00e9\u017e. Jejich zam\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu v\u00fdb\u011bru za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1m k odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, ru\u0161iv\u00e9mu vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a zmaten\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159echodu mezi terminologi\u00ed IEC a NEC.<\/p>\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Svodov\u00fd proud<\/strong> je \u0161irok\u00fd jev: proud unik\u00e1 z ur\u010den\u00e9 cesty z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee p\u0159es izolaci, kapacitu, filtry, kontaminaci nebo jinou ne\u00famyslnou cestu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zbytkov\u00fd proud<\/strong> je m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha mezi proudy ve f\u00e1zov\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u00edch obvodu. V terminologii stylu IEC je to veli\u010dina detekovan\u00e1 <strong>proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD)<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rccb\/\"><strong>RCCB<\/strong><\/a>, nebo <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcbo\/\"><strong>RCBO<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong> je proud skute\u010dn\u011b prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed zemn\u00ed nebo uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed cestou. V severoamerick\u00e9 praxi se to \u010dasto bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed <strong>zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed<\/strong> jazyku a objevuje se v <strong>GFCI<\/strong> a diskus\u00edch o ochran\u011b proti zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna ud\u00e1lost m\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it v\u0161echny t\u0159i najednou. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vlhk\u00e1 porucha izolace m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit svodov\u00fd proud, poslat proud do zem\u011b a vytvo\u0159it nerovnov\u00e1hu zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu dostate\u010dn\u011b velkou k vypnut\u00ed ochrann\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 poznatky<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Svodov\u00fd proud<\/strong> je nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed term\u00edn a automaticky neznamen\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017enou poruchu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zbytkov\u00fd proud<\/strong> je detek\u010dn\u00ed veli\u010dina, nikoli diagn\u00f3za.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong> je zam\u011b\u0159en na cestu: \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00e1m, \u017ee proud prot\u00e9k\u00e1 zem\u00ed, PE nebo jinou uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed cestou.<\/li>\n<li>Modern\u00ed elektronika, pohony, st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, EMI filtry a dlouh\u00e9 kabelov\u00e9 trasy mohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud i v jinak zdrav\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/li>\n<li>Trhy IEC obvykle hovo\u0159\u00ed v <strong>RCD\/RCCB\/RCBO<\/strong> jazyku, zat\u00edmco diskuse NEC a UL \u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed <strong>GFCI<\/strong> a <strong>zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed<\/strong> terminologii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Rychl\u00e1 srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed tabulka<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-infographic-comparing-leakage-current-residual-current-and-ground-current.webp\" alt=\"Technical infographic comparing leakage current, residual current, and ground current\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><em>Komplexn\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed svodov\u00fdch, zbytkov\u00fdch a zemn\u00edch proud\u016f, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 objasnit jejich odli\u0161n\u00e9 role v elektrick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Term\u00edn<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Co popisuje<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Znamen\u00e1 to v\u017edy poruchu?<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontext<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Pro\u010d na tom z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Svodov\u00fd proud<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ne\u00famysln\u00fd tok proudu mimo ide\u00e1ln\u00ed cestu obvodu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ne<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Specifikace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, diskuse o izolaci, EMC, v\u00fdkonov\u00e1 elektronika<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 rozli\u0161it norm\u00e1ln\u00ed svod od abnorm\u00e1ln\u00edho zhor\u0161en\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Zbytkov\u00fd proud<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Nerovnov\u00e1ha mezi odchoz\u00edm a zp\u011btn\u00fdm proudem ve f\u00e1zov\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u00edch<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ne<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">RCD, RCCB, RCBO, diskuse o ochran\u011b IEC<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Toto je veli\u010dina, kterou monitoruj\u00ed proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\"><strong>Zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed zemn\u00ed nebo uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed cestou<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u010casto abnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale ne v\u017edy<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">GFCI, ochrana proti zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed, jazyk NEC nebo UL<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 popsat proud, kter\u00fd skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m jako sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00e9 cesty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Pro\u010d jsou tyto term\u00edny tak \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1ny<\/h2>\n<p>Zmatek pramen\u00ed ze skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee stejn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pops\u00e1na t\u0159emi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>podle <strong>jevu<\/strong>: proud unik\u00e1<\/li>\n<li>podle <strong>m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/strong>: proudy obvodu ji\u017e nejsou v rovnov\u00e1ze<\/li>\n<li>podle <strong>trasu<\/strong>: \u010d\u00e1st proudu nyn\u00ed te\u010de do zem\u011b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Proto jeden technik m\u016f\u017ee naz\u00fdvat svodov\u00fd proud, datov\u00fd list jej m\u016f\u017ee naz\u00fdvat zbytkov\u00fd proud a severoamerick\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va o \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b m\u016f\u017ee stejnou ud\u00e1lost popsat jako zemn\u00ed spojen\u00ed nebo probl\u00e9m s proudem do zem\u011b.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Technical-infographic-showing-real-world-causes-of-leakage-current-residual-current-and-ground-current-confusion.webp\" alt=\"Technical infographic showing real world causes of leakage current, residual current, and ground current confusion\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><em>Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e z re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 technick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto vedou k z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b mezi svodov\u00fdmi, zbytkov\u00fdmi a zemn\u00edmi proudy v ter\u00e9nu.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravidlo je:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pou\u017eijte <strong>svodov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> pro obecn\u00fd ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed tok proudu<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017eijte <strong>zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> pro nerovnov\u00e1hu m\u011b\u0159enou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi pro ochranu proti zbytkov\u00e9mu proudu<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017eijte <strong>zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong> kdy\u017e m\u00e1te konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na mysli proud prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed zem\u00ed nebo uzemn\u011bn\u00edm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Co je to svodov\u00fd proud?<\/h2>\n<p>Svodov\u00fd proud se t\u00fdk\u00e1 proudu, kter\u00fd te\u010de z nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u016f do zem\u011b, uzemn\u011bn\u00ed, r\u00e1m\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo jin\u00fdch vodiv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159es nebo nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d izolac\u00ed, kapacitou, filtry, kontaminac\u00ed nebo parazitn\u00edmi cestami.<\/p>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nepova\u017eovat svodov\u00fd proud za synonymum pro katastrofick\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed. Ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed svodov\u00e9ho proudu je vlastn\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm syst\u00e9m\u016fm.<\/p>\n<h3>Fyzika za svodov\u00fdm proudem<\/h3>\n<p>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd izola\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed. Zjednodu\u0161enou izola\u010dn\u00ed cestu mezi f\u00e1zov\u00fdm vodi\u010dem a uzemn\u011bnou vodivou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lze modelovat jako vysok\u00fd odpor paraleln\u011b s malou kapacitou:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">$$ I_{leak} = V \\cdot \\left(\\frac{1}{R_{ins}} + j\\omega C_{ins}\\right) $$<\/p>\n<p>Tento v\u00fdraz je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd, proto\u017ee vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d m\u00e1 svodov\u00fd proud \u010dasto oboj\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a <strong>odporovou slo\u017eku<\/strong>, spojenou s kvalitou izolace, kontaminac\u00ed a vlhkost\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>a <strong>kapacitn\u00ed slo\u017eku<\/strong>, spojenou s geometri\u00ed vodi\u010de, d\u00e9lkou kabelu, filtry a frekvenc\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tato kapacitn\u00ed slo\u017eka je jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d modern\u00ed v\u00fdkonov\u00e1 elektronika komplikuje n\u00e1vrh ochrany. M\u011bni\u010de frekvence, sp\u00ednan\u00e9 zdroje, FV st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, UPS syst\u00e9my a EMI filtry mohou za norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozu zv\u00fd\u0161it svodov\u00fd proud.<\/p>\n<h3>Svodov\u00fd proud nen\u00ed v\u017edy tvrd\u00e1 porucha<\/h3>\n<p>Toto je prvn\u00ed velk\u00e1 praktick\u00e1 chyba.<\/p>\n<p>Obvod m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud a p\u0159esto fungovat norm\u00e1ln\u011b. In\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka nen\u00ed jednodu\u0161e \u201cExistuje svodov\u00fd proud?\u201d, ale:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kolik svodov\u00e9ho proudu je p\u0159\u00edtomno<\/li>\n<li>co to vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>zda se to u dan\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1<\/li>\n<li>zda byla architektura ochrany vybr\u00e1na s ohledem na tento z\u00e1kladn\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud jste ji\u017e ve f\u00e1zi v\u00fdb\u011bru za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rccb-full-form-understanding-residual-current-circuit-breakers\/\">\u00dapln\u00fd formul\u00e1\u0159 RCCB: Rozum\u00edme zbytkov\u00fdm proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010d\u016fm<\/a> je neju\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podp\u016frn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n<h2>Co je to zbytkov\u00fd proud?<\/h2>\n<p>Zbytkov\u00fd proud je vektorov\u00fd sou\u010det proud\u016f tekouc\u00edch v \u017eiv\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u00edch obvodu.<\/p>\n<p>Ve zdrav\u00e9m jednof\u00e1zov\u00e9m obvodu:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">$$ I_{\\Delta} = I_L \u2013 I_N $$<\/p>\n<p>Pokud 10 A odch\u00e1z\u00ed po veden\u00ed a 10 A se vrac\u00ed po neutr\u00e1lu, zbytkov\u00fd proud je nulov\u00fd. Pokud 10,003 A odch\u00e1z\u00ed a pouze 10,000 A se vrac\u00ed, zbytkov\u00fd proud je 3 mA. Ten chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed proud n\u011bkam te\u010de.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u0159\u00edf\u00e1zov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu plat\u00ed stejn\u00fd princip, ale zbytkov\u00fd proud je vektorov\u00fd sou\u010det v\u0161ech proud\u016f \u017eiv\u00fdch vodi\u010d\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b neutr\u00e1lu, pokud je p\u0159\u00edtomen.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na slov\u011b \u201czbytkov\u00fd\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Zbytkov\u00fd proud nen\u00ed diagn\u00f3za. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00e1m, zda je nerovnov\u00e1ha zp\u016fsobena:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>norm\u00e1ln\u00edm kapacitn\u00edm svodem<\/li>\n<li>zhor\u0161enou izolac\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>vodivou poruchou do zem\u011b<\/li>\n<li>osobou dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se nap\u00e1jen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti<\/li>\n<li>probl\u00e9mem s vlnov\u00fdm pr\u016fb\u011bhem spojen\u00fdm s v\u00fdkonovou elektronikou<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00e1m pouze to, \u017ee se proudy v zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 cest\u011b nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a zp\u011btn\u00e9ho veden\u00ed pln\u011b neru\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Proto se ochrann\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proti zbytkov\u00e9mu proudu naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed tak, jak se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD)<\/strong>: Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d<\/li>\n<li><strong>RCCB<\/strong>: Jisti\u010d s proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem<\/li>\n<li><strong>RCBO<\/strong>: Jisti\u010d s proudov\u00fdm chr\u00e1ni\u010dem a nadproudovou ochranou<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou postavena na logice m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu, nikoli na v\u00e1gn\u00edm konceptu \u201csvodu\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, jak se li\u0161\u00ed rodiny za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcbo-full-form-in-electrical\/\">RCBO Full Form in Electrical (Cel\u00fd n\u00e1zev RCBO v elektrotechnice)<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcbo-vs-rccb-mcb-comparison-space-cost-selectivity\/\">RCBO vs RCCB plus MCB<\/a> jsou nejlep\u0161\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed \u010detby.<\/p>\n<h2>Co je to zemn\u00ed proud?<\/h2>\n<p>Zemn\u00ed proud je proud tekouc\u00ed zemn\u00ed nebo zemnic\u00ed cestou.<\/p>\n<p>V z\u00e1vislosti na syst\u00e9mu a tr\u017en\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sob\u011b m\u016f\u017ee tato cesta zahrnovat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ochrann\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed vodi\u010de<\/li>\n<li>vodi\u010de pro uzemn\u011bn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>pospojovac\u00ed vodi\u010de<\/li>\n<li>zemnic\u00ed elektrody<\/li>\n<li>kovov\u00e9 konstrukce spojen\u00e9 se zem\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Zemn\u00ed proud v norm\u00e1ln\u00edm provozu<\/h3>\n<p>Zemn\u00ed proud se neomezuje pouze na z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 poruchov\u00e9 stavy.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dn\u00fdch instalac\u00edch m\u016f\u017ee \u010d\u00e1st proudu prot\u00e9kat zemnic\u00edm syst\u00e9mem b\u011bhem norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozu z d\u016fvodu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kapacitn\u00edho svodu z kabel\u016f a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>EMI filtra\u010dn\u00edch kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f do zem\u011b<\/li>\n<li>distribuovan\u00e9ho svodu z mnoha elektronick\u00fdch z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>topologie syst\u00e9mu a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed uzemn\u011bn\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Proto m\u016f\u017ee kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd amp\u00e9rmetr kolem PE vodi\u010de ukazovat m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd proud, i kdy\u017e nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomno \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zjevn\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Zemn\u00ed proud b\u011bhem poruchy<\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se \u017eiv\u00fd vodi\u010d ne\u00famysln\u011b dotkne uzemn\u011bn\u00e9 vodiv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, velikost proudu v zemn\u00ed cest\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee prudce zv\u00fd\u0161it. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jazyk \u010dasto posouv\u00e1 od obecn\u00e9ho \u201czemn\u00edho proudu\u201d k specifi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu <strong>zemn\u00edmu poruchov\u00e9mu proudu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Tento rozd\u00edl je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky st\u00edraj\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>norm\u00e1ln\u00ed proud ochrann\u00e9ho vodi\u010de<\/li>\n<li>kumulativn\u00ed zemn\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud<\/li>\n<li>zemn\u00ed poruchov\u00fd proud o vysok\u00e9 velikosti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jsou to souvisej\u00edc\u00ed, ale ne identick\u00e9 stavy.<\/p>\n<p>Pro p\u0159emost\u011bn\u00ed terminologie IEC a NEC, <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcd-vs-gfci-breaker-difference-iec-nec\/\">RCD vs GFCI jisti\u010d: Terminologie IEC vs NEC a logika ochrany<\/a> je nejrelevantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podp\u016frn\u00e1 str\u00e1nka. Pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed kontext ochrany, <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/understanding-ground-fault-protection\/\">Pochopen\u00ed ochrany proti zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed<\/a> je lep\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak spolu t\u0159i term\u00edny souvisej\u00ed<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Annotated-electrical-diagram-showing-how-leakage-current-residual-current-and-ground-current-relate-in-one-circuit.webp\" alt=\"Annotated electrical diagram showing how leakage current, residual current, and ground current relate in one circuit\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><em>Anotovan\u00fd profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fd obvodov\u00fd diagram demonstruj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd vztah a fyzick\u00e9 cesty svodov\u00fdch, zbytkov\u00fdch a zemn\u00edch proud\u016f.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Vztah je nejsnadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pochopit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left;\" border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Svodov\u00fd proud?<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Zbytkov\u00fd proud?<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Zemn\u00ed proud?<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 8px;\">Koment\u00e1\u0159<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Zdrav\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s EMI filtry<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano, \u010dasto mal\u00fd<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Mo\u017en\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u010casto ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt norm\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Spot\u0159ebi\u010d za mokra, kter\u00fd unik\u00e1 do zem\u011b<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Klasick\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 rizika \u00farazu elektrick\u00fdm proudem a obt\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Porucha izolace z veden\u00ed na kovov\u00fd kryt<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Odezva ochrany z\u00e1vis\u00ed na uzemn\u011bn\u00ed a koordinaci za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">V\u00edce pohon\u016f nebo m\u011bni\u010d\u016f na jednom p\u0159\u00edvodu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">Ano, v souhrnu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">\u010casto ano<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px;\">B\u011b\u017en\u00fd d\u016fvod pro hromad\u011bn\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu na pozad\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Zkr\u00e1cen\u00e1 verze je:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Svodov\u00fd proud popisuje jev. Zbytkov\u00fd proud popisuje nerovnov\u00e1hu. Zemn\u00ed proud popisuje proud v zemn\u00edc\u00ed cest\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Pro\u010d je rozli\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro v\u00fdb\u011br za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Zde se terminologie st\u00e1v\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem ne\u017e probl\u00e9mem formulace.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Proudov\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni\u010de se vyb\u00edraj\u00ed podle detekce nerovnov\u00e1hy<\/h3>\n<p>RCCB a RCBO p\u0159\u00edmo \u201cnerozum\u00ed\u201d, pro\u010d proud unik\u00e1. Detekuj\u00ed nerovnov\u00e1hu.<\/p>\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdb\u011br mus\u00ed zohled\u0148ovat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud na pozad\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>chov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>zda je v t\u00e9m\u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pot\u0159eba nadproudov\u00e1 ochrana<\/li>\n<li>zda instalace pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 RCCB, RCBO, GFCI, monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo jinou strategii ochrany<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 posunul od terminologie k hodnocen\u00ed produktu, VIOX <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rccb\/\">Vstupn\u00ed str\u00e1nka RCCB<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/rcbo\/\">Vstupn\u00ed str\u00e1nka RCBO<\/a> jsou p\u0159irozen\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed kroky.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Jazyk IEC a NEC m\u016f\u017ee poukazovat na podobn\u00e9 c\u00edle prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm odli\u0161n\u00e9 slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby<\/h3>\n<p>\u010cten\u00e1\u0159 orientovan\u00fd na IEC m\u016f\u017ee hledat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/li>\n<li>proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD)<\/li>\n<li>RCCB<\/li>\n<li>RCBO<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Severoamerick\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 m\u016f\u017ee hledat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zemn\u00ed spojen\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>proud do zem\u011b<\/li>\n<li>GFCI<\/li>\n<li>ochrana proti zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed c\u00edl m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podobn\u00fd, ale terminologie a kategorie produkt\u016f nejsou v\u017edy jedna ku jedn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Pouze \u201csvodov\u00fd proud\u201d nesta\u010d\u00ed k v\u00fdb\u011bru za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Toto je jedna z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch chyb ve specifikac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Projektant vid\u00ed \u201csvodov\u00fd proud\u201d v datov\u00e9m listu nebo pozn\u00e1mce k \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b a sko\u010d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo k rozhodnut\u00ed o ochran\u011b, ani\u017e by se zeptal:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Je to norm\u00e1ln\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo zn\u00e1mka zhor\u0161en\u00e9 izolace?<\/li>\n<li>Vrac\u00ed se proud p\u0159es zem?<\/li>\n<li>Je obvod l\u00e9pe obsluhov\u00e1n ochranou proti zbytkov\u00e9mu proudu, ochranou proti zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed, monitorov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo jinou architekturou?<\/li>\n<li>Poch\u00e1z\u00ed obt\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed z celkov\u00e9ho svodov\u00e9ho proudu na pozad\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e z jedn\u00e9 tvrd\u00e9 poruchy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Formulace pom\u00e1h\u00e1 z\u00fa\u017eit spr\u00e1vnou rodinu ochrany p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm podrobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru.<\/p>\n<h2>Metody m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a testov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 0 auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/img.viox.com\/Engineer-inspecting-leakage-current-residual-current-and-ground-current-behavior-in-an-electrical-panel.webp\" alt=\"Engineer inspecting leakage current, residual current, and ground current behavior in an electrical panel\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><em>Elektroin\u017een\u00fdr aktivn\u011b kontroluje a m\u011b\u0159\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed proudu v rozvodn\u00e9 sk\u0159\u00edni pod nap\u011bt\u00edm, aby zajistil bezpe\u010dnost syst\u00e9mu.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed svodov\u00e9ho proudu<\/h3>\n<p>Svodov\u00fd proud se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyhodnocuje pomoc\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>specializovan\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159i\u010de svodov\u00e9ho proudu<\/li>\n<li>testov\u00e1n\u00ed izola\u010dn\u00edho odporu<\/li>\n<li>kle\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na ochrann\u00fdch zemnic\u00edch vodi\u010d\u00edch<\/li>\n<li>standardizovan\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159ic\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b p\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrobk\u016f, v z\u00e1vislosti na kategorii za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Testov\u00e1n\u00ed izola\u010dn\u00edho odporu je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, ale \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00e1m hlavn\u011b o <strong>odporov\u00e9<\/strong> stran\u011b izola\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu. Pln\u011b nereprezentuje kapacitn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed svodov\u00e9ho proudu modern\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i provozn\u00ed frekvenci.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/h3>\n<p>Zbytkov\u00fd proud se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edch proudov\u00fdch kle\u0161t\u00ed nebo suma\u010dn\u00edho proudov\u00e9ho transform\u00e1toru, kter\u00fd obklopuje v\u0161echny vodi\u010de pod nap\u011bt\u00edm dohromady.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstroj hled\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1hu. P\u0159\u00edmo nem\u011b\u0159\u00ed samotnou cestu poruchy.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je kritick\u00e9 p\u0159i odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f. Pokud je zbytkov\u00fd proud vysok\u00fd, dal\u0161\u00edm krokem je identifikovat, co tuto nerovnov\u00e1hu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat jedin\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed izolace.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zemn\u00edho proudu<\/h3>\n<p>Zemn\u00ed proud se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed upnut\u00edm ochrann\u00e9 zemn\u011b, zemnic\u00edho vodi\u010de nebo jin\u00e9 definovan\u00e9 zemn\u00edc\u00ed cesty.<\/p>\n<p>To v\u00e1m \u0159ekne, \u017ee proud skute\u010dn\u011b te\u010de v zemnic\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Samo o sob\u011b v\u00e1m to ne\u0159ekne, zda je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>norm\u00e1ln\u00edm kapacitn\u00edm svodem<\/li>\n<li>v\u00edce z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch ke kumulativn\u00edmu svodov\u00e9mu proudu<\/li>\n<li>zhor\u0161enou izolac\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 zemn\u00ed porucha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Aplika\u010dn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v ter\u00e9nu<\/h2>\n<h3>Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1vody s pohony a v\u00fdkonovou elektronikou<\/h3>\n<p>Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed VFD, dlouh\u00e9 motorov\u00e9 kabely, syst\u00e9my UPS a filtry mohou vytvo\u0159it dostate\u010dn\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud na pozad\u00ed, kter\u00fd komplikuje ochranu proti zbytkov\u00e9mu proudu. V t\u011bchto instalac\u00edch je obt\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto zp\u016fsobeno nahromad\u011bn\u00fdm norm\u00e1ln\u00edm svodov\u00fdm proudem plus slo\u017eitost\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e jednou zjevnou po\u0161kozenou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Syst\u00e9my TT, TN a IT<\/h3>\n<p>Uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed uzemn\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9mu ovliv\u0148uje, jak se proud vrac\u00ed b\u011bhem poruchov\u00fdch stav\u016f, a proto, jak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 budou r\u016fzn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 metody. V syst\u00e9mech TT hraje ochrana proti zbytkov\u00e9mu proudu \u010dasto \u00fast\u0159edn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli, proto\u017ee zemn\u00ed proud m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 omezen\u00fd na to, aby b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 nadproudov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fungovala dostate\u010dn\u011b rychle. V syst\u00e9mech IT m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prvn\u00ed porucha n\u00edzkoproud\u00e1 a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161ena sp\u00ed\u0161e monitorov\u00e1n\u00edm izolace ne\u017e okam\u017eit\u00fdm odpojen\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h3>PV, EV, UPS a modern\u00ed elektronick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee<\/h3>\n<p>M\u011bni\u010de, nab\u00edje\u010dky a elektronick\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de mohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et pr\u016fb\u011bhy zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu, kter\u00e9 nejsou dob\u0159e reprezentov\u00e1ny jednoduch\u00fdmi p\u0159edpoklady pouze pro st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud. Proto je v t\u011bchto odv\u011btv\u00edch tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd typ za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kompatibilita pr\u016fb\u011bhu a aplika\u010dn\u011b specifick\u00e9 pokyny pro ochranu.<\/p>\n<h2>Kontext norem a terminologie<\/h2>\n<p>Prost\u0159ed\u00ed norem kolem t\u011bchto pojm\u016f je \u0161irok\u00e9, ale praktick\u00e9 r\u00e1mce jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IEC 60364<\/strong> upravuje koncepce n\u00edzkonap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch instalac\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b ochrany p\u0159ed \u00farazem elektrick\u00fdm proudem, uzemn\u011bn\u00ed a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 61008<\/strong> a <strong>IEC 61009<\/strong> definuj\u00ed po\u017eadavky na v\u00fdkon RCCB a RCBO<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62020<\/strong> zahrnuje monitory rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edho proudu<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 60990<\/strong> pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o metod\u00e1ch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dotykov\u00e9ho proudu a proudu ochrann\u00e9ho vodi\u010de<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010cl\u00e1nek 210.8 NEC<\/strong> a souvisej\u00edc\u00ed severoamerick\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jazyk GFCI a zemn\u00edho spojen\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e jazyk rodiny rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edch proud\u016f<\/li>\n<li><strong>UL 943<\/strong> je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed v diskus\u00edch o produktech GFCI<\/li>\n<li><strong>UL 101<\/strong> je relevantn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se v modern\u00edch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch objevuj\u00ed t\u00e9mata svodov\u00e9ho proudu a interoperability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou nen\u00ed zapamatovat si \u010d\u00edsla norem. Jde o pochopen\u00ed, \u017ee <strong>zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> je dominantn\u00ed jazyk za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v kontextech IEC, zat\u00edmco <strong>zemn\u00edmu spojen\u00ed<\/strong> jazyk je b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v kontextech NEC a UL.<\/p>\n<h2>Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy<\/h2>\n<h3>\u201cSvodov\u00fd proud a rezidu\u00e1ln\u00ed proud jsou tot\u00e9\u017e\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Ne tak docela. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch jednoduch\u00fdch obvodech se mohou \u010d\u00edseln\u011b bl\u00ed\u017eit, ale jeden je ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed proudov\u00fd jev a druh\u00fd je nerovnov\u00e1ha m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm bod\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cZemn\u00ed proud existuje pouze b\u011bhem poruchy\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Nen\u00ed pravda. N\u011bjak\u00fd proud zemn\u00ed cestou m\u016f\u017ee existovat za norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozu kv\u016fli filtr\u016fm, kapacit\u011b a distribuovan\u00e9mu svodu z p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cVy\u0161\u0161\u00ed citlivost je v\u017edy lep\u0161\u00ed\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Ne nutn\u011b. Nastaven\u00ed ochrany a typ za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat aplikaci. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 agresivn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit ru\u0161iv\u00e9 vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a ru\u0161iv\u00e9 vyp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed a provozn\u00ed probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cZa\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed typu AC funguj\u00ed pro ka\u017edou modern\u00ed instalaci\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>To je riskantn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad v aplikac\u00edch zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edch st\u0159\u00edda\u010de, pohony, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro nab\u00edjen\u00ed elektromobil\u016f, syst\u00e9my UPS a dal\u0161\u00ed modern\u00ed elektroniku. Kompatibilita pr\u016fb\u011bhu rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edho proudu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201cDobr\u00fd test izola\u010dn\u00edho odporu vypov\u00edd\u00e1 cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>Vypov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitou \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, ale ne celou. Obvod m\u016f\u017ee vypadat p\u0159ijateln\u011b p\u0159i DC izola\u010dn\u00edm testu a p\u0159esto vytv\u00e1\u0159et smyslupln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed svodu provozn\u00ed frekvence za skute\u010dn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n<h2>Praktick\u00e9 pravidlo<\/h2>\n<p>Pokud pot\u0159ebujete jeden rychl\u00fd ment\u00e1ln\u00ed model:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0159ekn\u011bte <strong>svodov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> kdy\u017e m\u00e1te na mysli obecn\u011b ne\u00famysln\u00fd tok proudu<\/li>\n<li>\u0159ekn\u011bte <strong>zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu<\/strong> kdy\u017e m\u00e1te na mysli nerovnov\u00e1hu detekovanou za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm z rodiny RCD<\/li>\n<li>\u0159ekn\u011bte <strong>zemn\u00ed proud<\/strong> kdy\u017e m\u00e1te na mysli proud skute\u010dn\u011b tekouc\u00ed v zemn\u00ed nebo uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed cest\u011b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tato \u00farove\u0148 jasnosti obvykle sta\u010d\u00ed k tomu, abyste se vyhnuli nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm chyb\u00e1m v ochran\u011b a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010cASTO KLADEN\u00c9 DOTAZY<\/h2>\n<h3>Jak velk\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud je akceptovateln\u00fd, ne\u017e se RCD nebo RCCB za\u010dne st\u00e1vat rizikem ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho vypnut\u00ed?<\/h3>\n<p>Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo, proto\u017ee p\u0159ijateln\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jmenovit\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, seskupen\u00ed obvod\u016f, obsahu vlnov\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu a aplikaci. V praxi in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i obvykle porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd ust\u00e1len\u00fd svodov\u00fd proud s nastaven\u00edm proudov\u00e9ho chr\u00e1ni\u010de a udr\u017euj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou rezervu, aby se norm\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud nepohyboval p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 bl\u00edzko prahov\u00e9 hodnoty vypnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d RCD vybavuje pouze kdy\u017e pr\u0161\u00ed nebo kdy\u017e je vysok\u00e1 vlhkost?<\/h3>\n<p>Vlhkost m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit izola\u010dn\u00ed odpor, zv\u00fd\u0161it povrchov\u00e9 cesty a zm\u011bnit svodov\u00e9 cesty p\u0159es kabelov\u00e9 koncovky, venkovn\u00ed kryty, topn\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky nebo zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 povrchy za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d reaguje na v\u00fdslednou nerovnov\u00e1hu, i kdy\u017e se viditeln\u00fd symptom objev\u00ed pouze za mokra.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de, syst\u00e9my UPS a st\u0159\u00edda\u010de v\u00edce probl\u00e9m\u016f se svodov\u00fdm proudem ne\u017e jednoduch\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee?<\/h3>\n<p>Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010dasto obsahuj\u00ed EMC filtry, v\u00fdkonovou elektroniku a sp\u00ednac\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed kapacitn\u00ed svod a mohou zav\u00e1d\u011bt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhy zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu. Tato kombinace m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it z\u00e1kladn\u00ed svod a m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat pe\u010dliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br typu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a seskupov\u00e1n\u00ed obvod\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Pokud m\u011b\u0159\u00edm proud v PE vodi\u010di, m\u011b\u0159\u00edm svodov\u00fd proud nebo zemn\u00edc\u00ed proud?<\/h3>\n<p>Obvykle m\u011b\u0159\u00edte proud skute\u010dn\u011b prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed zemn\u00edc\u00ed cestou, tak\u017ee term\u00edn zemn\u00edc\u00ed proud je p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Tento m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd proud m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsoben svodov\u00fdm proudem z jednoho spot\u0159ebi\u010de nebo kombinovan\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem n\u011bkolika spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f sd\u00edlej\u00edc\u00edch stejn\u00fd zemn\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u016f\u017ee obvod proj\u00edt zkou\u0161kou izola\u010dn\u00edho odporu a p\u0159esto vybavit proudov\u00fd chr\u00e1ni\u010d (RCD) p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m provozu?<\/h3>\n<p>Ano. Zkou\u0161ka izola\u010dn\u00edho odporu stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm proudem odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed hlavn\u011b odporovou slo\u017eku izola\u010dn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nemus\u00ed zachytit kapacitn\u00ed svod a vlivy vlnov\u00e9ho pr\u016fb\u011bhu, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed za re\u00e1ln\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pod nap\u011bt\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na u modern\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy bych m\u011bl uva\u017eovat o hl\u00edda\u010d\u00edch rezidu\u00e1ln\u00edho proudu nam\u00edsto automatick\u00fdch vyp\u00ednac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed?<\/h3>\n<p>Monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed zbytkov\u00e9ho proudu se st\u00e1v\u00e1 atraktivn\u00edm, kdy\u017e se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed svodov\u00fd proud, z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na kontinuit\u011b provozu a provozovatel chce v\u010dasn\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed necht\u011bn\u00fdmi vypnut\u00edmi nebo zhor\u0161en\u00edm izolace, kter\u00e9 by mohly v\u00e9st k v\u00fdpadk\u016fm. P\u0159esn\u00e1 volba st\u00e1le z\u00e1vis\u00ed na legislativn\u00edm r\u00e1mci, riziku aplikace a na tom, zda je automatick\u00e9 odpojen\u00ed povinn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In electrical engineering and power distribution, leakage current, residual current, and ground current are closely related, but they are not the same thing. Mixing them up can lead to poor device selection, misleading troubleshooting notes, nuisance tripping, and confusion when moving between IEC and NEC terminology. Direct Answer Leakage current is the broad phenomenon: current [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23543,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23542"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23544,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23542\/revisions\/23544"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23542"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23542"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/test.viox.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}